IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 1 Khandani
ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
Education Transfer Plan
Prepared by
Seyyed Khandani, Ph.D.
skhandani@dvc.edu
August 2005
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed two Khandani
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 3
BACKGROUND 4
ENGINEERING DESIGN 4
THE DESIGN PROCESS 5
1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM 6
2. GATHER PERTINENT INFORMATION 9
3. GENERATE MULIPLE SOLUTIONS 11
4. ANALYZE AND SELECT Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SOLUTION 12
5. TEST AND IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION 19
REFERENCE 23
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 3 Khandani
PREFACE
This document is designed every bit an introduction to how engineering scientific discipline products are designed.
It is intended for usage inward an introductory blueprint course of study inward engineering scientific discipline alongside the objective of
providing some hands-on sense for people interested inward exploring engineering
disciplines.
This document is prepared based on the sense of the author* spell completing a
summertime fellowship at Solectron Corporation inward Milpitas, California. This fellowship was
coordinated past times the Industry Initiatives for Science together with Math Education (IISME) inward 2005.
I would similar to specially give cheers Mr. Hoshang Vaid, every bit my principal mentor, at Solectron
Corporation whose continuous back upwardly together with guidance has made my fellowship experience
real productive together with educational. Furthermore, I would similar to extend my appreciation to
the other members of the Design together with Engineering subdivision at Solectron Corporation
for making my sense pleasant.
__________________________________________________________________ _____
Seyyed Khandani has a Ph.D. inward Mechanical Engineering from MIT together with is currently a
professor of engineering scientific discipline at Diablo Valley College inward Pleasant Hill, California.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 4 Khandani
BACKGROUND
If yous take a minute to uncovering your surroundings, yous volition consider examples of
technological creativity. The physical objects yous see, whether they are telephones,
automobiles, bicycles, or electrical appliances, all came into beingness through the creative
application of technology. These everyday inventions did non miraculously appear but
originated inward the minds of human beings together with took fourth dimension to develop. Engineering is the
creative physical care for of turning abstract ideas into physical representations (products or
systems). What distinguishes engineers from painters, poets, or sculptors is that engineers
apply their creative energies to producing products or systems that come across human needs.
This creative deed is called design.
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Most engineering scientific discipline designs tin live classified every bit inventions-devices or systems that are
created past times human exertion together with did non be before or are improvements over existing
devices or systems. Inventions, or designs, do non all of a precipitous appear from nowhere. They
are the termination of bringing together technologies to come across human needs or to solve problems.
Sometimes a blueprint is the termination of someone trying to do a task to a greater extent than rapidly or
efficiently. Design activity occurs over a menses of fourth dimension together with requires a step-by-step
methodology.
We described engineers primarily every bit occupation solvers. What distinguishes blueprint from
other types of occupation solving is the nature of both the occupation together with the solution. Design
problems are opened upwardly ended inward nature, which agency they receive got to a greater extent than than ane correct
solution. The termination or solution to a blueprint occupation is a scheme that possesses specified
properties.
Design problems are commonly to a greater extent than vaguely defined than analysis problems. Suppose that
yous are asked to determine the maximum tiptop of a snowball given an initial velocity
together with unloosen height. This is an analysis occupation because it has solely ane answer. If you
modify the occupation contention to read, "Design a device to launch a 1-pound snowball to
a tiptop of at to the lowest degree 160 feet," this analysis occupation becomes a blueprint problem. The
solution to the blueprint occupation is a scheme having specified properties (able to launch a
snowball 160 feet), whereas the solution to the analysis occupation consisted of the
properties of a given scheme (the tiptop of the snowball). The solution to a design
occupation is thus opened upwardly ended, since in that location are many possible devices that tin launch a
snowball to a given height. The master copy occupation had a unmarried solution: the maximum
tiptop of the snowball, determined from the specified initial conditions.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 5 Khandani
Solving blueprint problems is oft an iterative process: As the solution to a blueprint problem
evolves, yous uncovering yourself continually refining the design. While implementing the
solution to a blueprint problem, yous may uncovering that the solution you've developed is
unsafe, also expensive, or volition non work. You together with so "go dorsum to the drawing board" and
modify the solution until it meets your requirements. For example, the Wright brothers'
bird did non wing perfectly the starting fourth dimension time. They began a programme for edifice an airplane
past times starting fourth dimension conducting tests alongside kites together with and so gliders. Before attempting powered flight,
they solved the essential problems of controlling a plane's motion inward rising, descending,
together with turning. They didn't create a powered plane until after making to a greater extent than than 700
successful glider flights. Design activity is thus cyclic or iterative inward nature, whereas
analysis occupation solving is primarily sequential.
The solution to a blueprint occupation does non all of a precipitous appear inward a vacuum. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 goodness solution
requires a methodology or process. There are in all probability every bit many processes of blueprint as
in that location are engineers. Therefore, this lesson does non nowadays a stiff "cookbook" approach
to blueprint but presents a full general application of the five-step problem-solving methodology
associated alongside the blueprint process. The physical care for described hither is general, together with yous can
arrange it to the especial occupation yous are trying to solve.
THE DESIGN PROCESS
The basic five-step physical care for commonly used inward a problem-solving plant for blueprint problems
every bit well. Since blueprint problems are commonly defined to a greater extent than vaguely together with receive got a multitude of
right answers, the physical care for may require backtracking together with iteration. Solving a design
occupation is a contingent physical care for together with the solution is dependent to unforeseen complications
together with changes every bit it develops. Until the Wright brothers really built together with tested their early
gliders, they did non know the problems together with difficulties they would human face upwardly controlling a
powered plane.
The 5 steps used for solving blueprint problems are:
1. Define the problem
2. Gather pertinent information
3. Generate multiple solutions
4. Analyze together with select a solution
5. Test together with implement the solution
The starting fourth dimension stair inward the blueprint physical care for is the occupation definition. This Definition usually
contains a listing of the production or client requirements together with specially information
nigh production functions together with features amid other things. In the side past times side step, relevant
information for the blueprint of the production together with its functional specifications is obtained. A
survey regarding the availability of similar products inward the marketplace seat should live performed at
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 6 Khandani
this stage. Once the details of the blueprint are clearly identified, the blueprint squad with
inputs from test, manufacturing, together with marketing teams generates multiple alternatives to
accomplish the goals together with the requirements of the design. Considering cost, safety, together with other
criteria for selection, the to a greater extent than promising alternatives are selected for farther analysis.
Detail blueprint together with analysis stair enables a consummate study of the solutions together with termination in
identification of the terminal blueprint that best fits the production requirements. Following this
step, a epitome of the blueprint is constructed together with functional tests are performed to verify
together with mayhap modify the design.
When solving a blueprint problem, yous may uncovering at whatsoever betoken inward the physical care for that yous demand to
perish dorsum to a previous step. The solution yous chose may show unworkable for any
number of reasons together with may require redefining the problem, collecting to a greater extent than information,
or generating dissimilar solutions. This continuous iterative physical care for is represented inward the
next Figure.
This document intends to clarify some of the details involved inward implementing the design
process. Therefore a description of the details involved inward each stair of the blueprint process
is listed below. Although the descriptions of the activities within each stair may give the
impression that the steps are sequential together with independent from each other, the iterative
nature of the application of the physical care for should live kept inward hear throughout the document.
1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM
You demand to start the solution to a blueprint occupation alongside a clear, unambiguous definition
of the problem. Unlike an analysis problem, a blueprint occupation oft begins every bit a vague,
abstract thought inward the hear of the designer. Creating a clear Definition of a blueprint problem
is to a greater extent than hard than, defining an analysis problem. The Definition of a blueprint problem
may evolve through a series of steps or processes every bit yous develop a to a greater extent than complete
understanding of the problem.
Generate
multiple
solutions
Test and
Implement
solution
Define the
Problem
Analyze
together with select
a solution
Gather
Information
Engineering
Design
Process
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed vii Khandani
Identify together with Establish the Need
Engineering blueprint activity ever occurs inward response to a human need. Before yous can
develop a occupation Definition contention for a blueprint problem, yous demand to recognize the
demand for a novel product, system, or machine. Thomas Newcomen saw the demand for a
machine to heart the H2O from the bottom of coal mines inward England. Recognizing this
human demand provided him the stimulus for designing the starting fourth dimension steam engine inward 1712.
Before engineers tin clearly define a blueprint problem, they must consider together with empathise this
need.
Although engineers are by together with large involved inward defining the problem, they may non live the
ones who initially recognize the need. In individual industry, marketplace seat forces generally
flora the demand for a novel design. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 company's survival depends on producing a
production that people volition purchase together with tin live manufactured together with sold at a profit. Ultimately,
consumers flora a need, because they volition purchase together with usage a production that they
perceive every bit coming together a demand for comfort, health, recreation, transportation, shelter, together with so
on. Likewise, the citizens of a authorities create upwardly one's hear whether they demand security drinking water,
roads together with highways, libraries, schools, burn protection, together with so on.
The perceived need, however, may non live the existent need. Before yous delve into the details
of producing a solution, yous demand to brand sure as shooting yous receive got plenty information to generate
a clear, unambiguous occupation Definition that addresses the existent need. The following
instance illustrates the importance of understanding the demand before attempting a solution.
Example: Automobile Airbag Inflation - How Not to Solve a Problem
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 fellowship that manufactures automobile airbags has a occupation alongside an unacceptably
high charge per unit of measurement of failure inward the inflation of the bag. During testing, 10 per centum of the bags do
non fully inflate. An engineer is assigned the chore of solving the problem. At starting fourth dimension the
engineer defines the occupation every bit a failure inward the materials together with construction of the inflation
device. The engineer begins to solve this occupation past times producing a to a greater extent than robust inflation
device. After considerable effort, the engineer discovers that improving the inflation
device does non modify the failure charge per unit of measurement inward the bags. Eventually, this engineer re-examines
the initial Definition of the problem. The fellowship investigates the airbag inflation
occupation farther together with discovers that a high story of variability inward the tightness of folds is
responsible for the failure of some bags to inflate. At the fourth dimension the bags were folded and
packed past times people on an assembly line. With a to a greater extent than consummate understanding of the need,
the engineer redefined the occupation every bit ane of increasing the consistency inward tightness of the
folds inward the bags. The terminal solution to this occupation is a machine that automatically folds
the bags.
Often the apparent demand is non the existent need. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mutual style is to start generating a
solution to an apparent occupation without understanding the problem. This approach is
just the incorrect way to start solving a occupation such every bit this. You would live generating
solutions to a occupation that has never been defined.
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People receive got a natural style to assault the electrical current solution to a occupation rather than the
occupation itself. Attacking a electrical current solution may eliminate inadequacies but volition not
make a creative together with innovative solution. For example, the engineer at the airbag
fellowship could receive got solely looked at the electrical current method for folding airbags-using humans
on an assembly line. The engineer mightiness receive got solved the occupation alongside inconsistent
tightness past times modifying the assembly line of piece of work procedure. However, the terminal solution to the
occupation proved to live to a greater extent than cost effective together with reliable, inward improver to producing a superior
consistency inward the tightness of the folds.
Develop a Problem Statement
The starting fourth dimension stair inward the problem-solving process, therefore, is to formulate the occupation in
clear together with unambiguous terms. Defining the occupation is non the same every bit recognizing a need.
The occupation Definition contention results from starting fourth dimension identifying a need. The engineer at the
airbag fellowship responded to a demand to bring down the number of airbag inflation failures. He
made a mistake, however, inward non formulating a clear Definition of the occupation before
generating a solution. Once a demand has been established, engineers define that demand in
terms of an engineering scientific discipline blueprint occupation statement. To hit a clear definition, they
collect data, run experiments, together with perform computations that allow that demand to be
expressed every bit part of an engineering scientific discipline problem-solving process.
Consider for instance the contention "Design a ameliorate mousetrap." This contention is non an
adequate occupation Definition for an engineering scientific discipline blueprint problem. It expresses a vague
dissatisfaction alongside existing mousetraps together with thus establishes a need. An engineer
would take this contention of demand together with conduct farther enquiry to seat what was
lacking inward existing mousetrap designs. After farther investigation the engineer may
uncovering that existing mousetraps are inadequate because they don't supply protection
from the deadly Hantavirus carried past times mice. Therefore, a ameliorate mousetrap may live one
that is sanitary together with does non expose human beings to the Hantavirus. From this need, the
occupation Definition is modified to read, "Design a mousetrap that allows for the sanitary
disposal of the trapped mouse, minimizing human exposure to the Hantavirus."
The occupation contention should specifically address the existent demand yet live broad plenty not
to foreclose sure as shooting solutions. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 broad Definition of the occupation allows yous to facial expression at a
broad hit of choice solutions before yous focus on a specific solution. The
temptation at this betoken inward the blueprint physical care for is to develop a preconceived mental
"picture" of the occupation solution. For example, yous could define the ameliorate mousetrap
occupation every bit "Design a mousetrap that sprays the trapped mouse alongside disinfectant." This
contention is clear together with specific, but it is also also narrow. It excludes many potentially
innovative solutions. If yous focus on a specific painting or thought for solving the occupation at
this stage of the blueprint process, yous may never uncovering the genuinely innovative solutions to
the problem. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 occupation contention should live concise together with flexible plenty to allow for
creative solutions.
Here is ane possible occupation Definition contention for our ameliorate mousetrap problem:
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed ix Khandani
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Better Mousetrap: Certain rodents such every bit the mutual mouse are carriers and
transmitters of an oft fatal virus, the Hantavirus. Conventional mousetraps
expose people to this virus every bit they grip the trap together with dispose of the mouse.
Design a mousetrap that allows a somebody to trap together with dispose of a mouse without
beingness exposed to whatsoever bacterial or viral agents beingness carried on the mouse.
Establish Criteria for Success
Criteria for success are the specifications a blueprint solution must come across or the attributes it
must possess to live considered successful. You should include criteria inward the problem
contention to supply direction toward the solution. At this betoken inward the blueprint process, the
criteria are preliminary. As the blueprint solution develops, yous volition most probable uncovering that
the initial criteria demand to live redefined or modified. Preliminary criteria must non live too
specific so they allow flexibility through the blueprint process.
The criteria that apply to a especial blueprint occupation are based on your background
noesis together with the enquiry that you've conducted. Since each occupation or projection is
unique, the desirable attributes, or criteria, of the solution are also unique. Some criteria
are unimportant to the success of the design. The listing of criteria is developed past times the
blueprint team. The blueprint squad is made upwardly of people from diverse engineering
backgrounds that receive got expertise pertinent to the problem. This squad may also include
people from backgrounds other than engineering, such every bit managers, scientists, and
technicians. The blueprint squad must evaluate each criterion together with create upwardly one's hear if it is applicable to
the blueprint effort. Later inward the blueprint process, value judgments must live applied to the list
of criteria. Therefore, it makes footling sense to include those criteria that volition live of
relatively depression priority inward the evaluation of blueprint solutions. For example, if yous were
designing a critical life back upwardly system, yous would non include the criterion of "must be
minimum cost," because cost is non an of import factor inward evaluating this design.
The next is a listing of preliminary criteria for a ameliorate mousetrap design. This list
would live included inward the occupation Definition statement.
· The blueprint must live depression cost.
· The blueprint should live safe, especially alongside small-scale children.
· The blueprint should non live detrimental to the environment.
· The blueprint should live aesthetically pleasing.
· The blueprint should live unproblematic to operate, alongside minimum human effort.
· The blueprint must live disposable (you don't reuse the trap).
· The blueprint should non drive undue hurting together with suffering for the mouse.
2. GATHER PERTINENT INFORMATION
Before yous tin perish farther inward the blueprint process, yous demand to collect all the information
available that relates to the problem. Novice designers volition rapidly skip over this stair and
maintain to the generation of choice solutions. You volition find, however, that effort
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spent searching for information nigh your occupation volition pay large dividends afterward inward the
blueprint process. Gathering pertinent information tin give away facts nigh the occupation that
termination inward a redefinition of the problem. You may uncovering mistakes together with fake starts made
past times other designers. Information gathering for most blueprint problems begins alongside asking
the next questions. If the occupation addresses a demand that is new, together with so in that location are no
existing solutions to the problems, so acre some of the questions would non be
asked.
· Is the occupation existent together with its contention accurate?
· Is in that location really a demand for a novel solution or has the occupation already been solved?
· What are the existing solutions to the problem?
· What is incorrect alongside the way the occupation is currently beingness solved?
· What is right nigh the way the occupation is currently beingness solved?
· What companies manufacture the existing solution to the problem?
· What are the economical factors governing the solution?
· How much volition people pay for a solution to the problem?
· What other factors are of import to the occupation solution (such every bit safety,
aesthetics together with environmental issues)?
Search for Information Resources
As an engineering scientific discipline pupil inward the 2000s yous receive got many to a greater extent than sources of information
available to yous than engineers did solely twenty years ago. This subdivision discusses some of the
most electrical current resources available, but because our ground is witnessing an information
explosion, past times the fourth dimension yous read this many to a greater extent than resources volition live available that are not
mentioned here.
Traditional publications are soundless an essential source of information to engineers and
scientists. However, electronic information transfer together with retrieval are rapidly becoming a
touchstone source for engineers together with scientists. When yous start a search for information
relating to a blueprint problem, yous must live prepared to perish to many dissimilar sources. The
library is soundless the primary source of information for an engineering scientific discipline student. Your success
every bit an engineer together with pupil volition live enhanced if yous are able to usage the library effectively.
For specific assist on using our library, yous should consult the library staff at the college;
they in all probability offering courses or seminars on library usage.
Some of the mutual resources available at a academy library are discussed below:
Scientific encyclopedias together with technical handbooks. These sources are a goodness place
to start when yous are investigating an expanse or occupation that is novel to you. An
encyclopedia or handbook provides a brief full general overview past times an authorization inward a
especial acre together with includes references for to a greater extent than detailed information. The
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science together with Technology covers all scientific fields.
Technical handbooks, such every bit the Electrical Engineers Handbook or Mark's
Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, encompass diverse fields such every bit chemical, civil,
electrical, or mechanical engineering. The information contained inward these
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed xi Khandani
handbooks is presented inward a real concise shape together with tin live goodness starting points for
an inward depth search.
Electronic catalog. Electronic catalogs give a listing of all the sources available at
your library. The catalogs allow search past times dependent matter, author, or title. They
give a brief summary of the book's content, including the title, author, publisher,
copyright date, together with total number of pages. The telephone phone number tells yous where to
locate the mass inward your library.
Indexes. Indexes categorize electrical current plant inward diverse disciplines. They listing the
subject, title, together with writer of recent articles inward technical together with merchandise journals under
diverse dependent headings. Some indexes include brief abstracts of articles. Most
indexes are updated monthly, so a consummate search through an index may be
tedious. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 familiar index to scientists together with engineers is the Index of Applied
Science together with Technology. It lists articles from 335 journals together with is updated monthly.
The Engineering Index is some other pop index for engineers. It selects articles
from around 2700 journals together with periodic publications together with includes an
abstract of each article.
The Internet. There is a wealth of information on the Internet from a diversity of
sources. Manufacturers, professional person together with merchandise organizations, suppliers of
products, together with many authorities agencies receive got valuable resources on their
websites. Search engines such every bit Google(www.google.com) and
Teoma(www.teoma.com) offering tools to locate relevant information rapidly and
efficiently.
3. GENERATE MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS
The side past times side stair inward the blueprint physical care for begins alongside inventiveness inward generating novel ideas that
may solve the problem. Creativity is much to a greater extent than than merely a systematic application of
rules together with theory to solve a technical problem.
You start alongside existing solutions to the occupation together with and so tear them apart-find out what's
incorrect alongside those solutions together with focus on how to improve their weaknesses. Consciously
combine novel ideas, tools, together with methods to make a totally unique solution to the
problem. This physical care for is called synthesis. Casey Golden, historic menses 13, did this when he
invented the BIOtee. Casey noticed that discarded together with broken wooden golf game tees littered
golf game courses, damaging the blades together with tires of lawn mowers. He decided to blueprint a new
biodegradable tee. After experimenting alongside dissimilar mixtures, he devised a recipe made
of recycled newspaper fiber together with nutrient byproducts coated alongside a water-soluble film. When the
celluloid is broken, wet inward the ground breaks downwardly the tee within 24 hours. As a termination of
his creative efforts, Casey's household unit of measurement started a fellowship to manufacture BIOtees producing
several 1000000 tees per year.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 12 Khandani
Psychological enquiry has found no correlation betwixt news together with creativity.
People are creative because they brand a witting exertion to holler back together with deed creatively.
Everybody has the potential to live creative. Creativity begins alongside a conclusion to take risks.
Listed below are a few characteristics of creative people. These are non stiff rules to be
followed to sense creativity. You tin improve your creative powerfulness past times choosing to
develop these characteristics inward yourself.
· Curiosity together with tolerance of the unknown. Creative people receive got a positive curiosity
of the unknown. They are non afraid of what they don't understand.
· Openness to novel experiences. Creative people receive got a good for yous together with positive attitude
toward novel experiences.
· Willingness to take risks. Creative people are non afraid to take risks together with attempt new
experiences or ideas, knowing that they may live misunderstood together with criticized by
others. They are self-confident together with non afraid to fail.
· Ability to uncovering details together with consider the "whole picture." Creative people notice and
uncovering details relating to the problem, but they also tin stair dorsum together with consider the
bigger picture.
· No fearfulness of problems. Creative people are non afraid to tackle complex problems,
together with they fifty-fifty search for problems to solve. They seek solutions to problems with
their ain abilities together with sense if possible. They receive got the mental attitude of "if you
desire something done, you'd ameliorate do it yourself."
· Ability to concentrate together with focus on the occupation until it's solved. Creative people
tin laid goals together with stick to them until they're reached. They focus on a occupation and
do non surrender until the occupation is solved. They receive got persistence together with tenacity.
Solutions to engineering scientific discipline blueprint problems do non magically appear. Ideas are generated
when people are complimentary to take risks together with brand mistakes. Brainstorming at this stage is often
a squad exertion inward which people from dissimilar disciplines are involved inward generating
multiple solutions to the problem.
4. ANALYZE AND SELECT Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SOLUTION
Once you've conceived choice solutions to your blueprint problem, yous demand to analyze
those solutions together with and so create upwardly one's hear which solution is best suited for implementation.
Analysis is the evaluation of the proposed designs. You apply your technical knowledge
to the proposed solutions together with usage the results to create upwardly one's hear which solution to carry out. You
volition encompass blueprint analysis inward to a greater extent than depth when yous acquire inward upper-level engineering
courses.
At this stair inward the blueprint process, yous must consider the results of your blueprint analysis.
This is a highly subjective stair together with should live made past times a grouping of experienced people.
This subdivision introduces a systematic methodology yous tin usage to evaluate alternative
designs together with assist inward making a decision.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed thirteen Khandani
Analysis of Design Solutions
Before deciding which blueprint solution to implement, yous demand to analyze each
choice solution against the choice criteria defined inward stair l. You should perform
several types of analysis on each design. Every blueprint occupation is unique together with requires
dissimilar types of analysis. The next is a listing of analysis that may demand to be
considered; conduct inward hear that the importance of each varies depending on the nature of
the occupation together with the solution.
· Functional analysis
· Industrial design/Ergonomics
· Mechanical/Strength analysis
· Electrical/Electromagnetic
· Manufacturability/Testability
· Product security together with liability
· Economic together with marketplace seat analysis
· Regulatory together with Compliance
The next paragraphs supply details of some of these analysis types.
Functional analysis. This part determines whether the given blueprint solution will
part the way it should. Functional analysis is cardinal to the evaluation and
success of all designs. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint solution that does non part properly is a failure even
if it meets all other criteria. Consider for instance the conception of the ballpoint pen. This
mutual musical instrument was starting fourth dimension invented together with manufactured during World War II. The
ballpoint pen was supposed to solve the problems of refilling together with messiness inherent to
the fountain pen. Unfortunately, this novel blueprint had never been evaluated for
functionality. The early pens depended on gravity for the ink to flow to the roller ball.
This meant that the pens solely worked inward a vertical upright position, together with the ink flow was
inconsistent: Sometimes it flowed also heavily, leaving smudgy blotches on the paper;
other times the flow was also low-cal together with the markings were unreadable. The starting fourth dimension ballpoint
pens tended to leak about the ball, ruining people's clothes. An elastic ink developed in
1949, allowed the ink to flow over the ball through smoothen capillary action. Not until the
1950s did the ballpoint pen finally acquire a practical writing instrument, cheers to
proper ink together with engineering. Economy, appearance, durability, together with marketability of a
blueprint are unimportant if the production does non part properly.
Ergonomics. Ergonomics is the human factor inward engineering. It is the study of how
people interact alongside machines. Most products receive got to piece of work alongside people inward some manner.
People occupy a infinite inward or about the design, together with they may supply a source of power
or command or deed every bit a sensor for the design. For example, people sense if an automobile
air-conditioning scheme is maintaining a comfortable temperature within the car. These
factors shape the footing for human factors, or ergonomics, of a design.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint solution tin live considered successful if the blueprint fits the people using it. The
grip of a powerfulness tool must correspond the manus of everybody using it. The tool must non live too
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed fourteen Khandani
heavy or cumbersome to live manipulated past times all sizes of people using the tool. The
geometric properties of people-their weight, height, reach, circumference, together with so on-are
called anthropometric data. The difficulty inward designing for ergonomics is the abundance
of anthropometric data. The armed forces has collected together with evaluated the distribution of
human beings together with published this information inward armed forces touchstone tables. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 successful
blueprint needs to live evaluated together with analyzed against the distribution of geometry of the
people using it. The next Figure shows the geometry of typical adult males and
females for the full general population inward millimeters. Since people come upwardly inward dissimilar sizes
together with shapes, such information are used past times blueprint engineers to assure that their blueprint fits the user.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 goodness blueprint volition live adjustable plenty to correspond 95 per centum of the people who volition usage it.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed fifteen Khandani
Product Safety together with Liability. The primary consideration for security inward production blueprint is
to assure that the usage of the blueprint does non drive injury to humans. Safety together with product
liability issues, however, tin also extend beyond human injury to include property
harm together with environmental harm from the usage of your design. Engineers must also
consider the issues of security inward blueprint because of liability arising from the usage of an
dangerous product. Liability refers to the manufacturer of a machine or production beingness liable,
or financially responsible, for whatsoever injury or harm resulting from the usage of an unsafe
product.
The solely way to assure that your blueprint volition non drive injury or loss is to blueprint safety
into the product. You tin blueprint a security production inward iii ways. The starting fourth dimension method is to
blueprint security straight into the product. Ask yourself, "Is in that location whatsoever probability of injury
during the normal usage together with during failure of your design?" For example, modern downhill
ski bindings usage a spring-loaded brake that brakes the ski automatically when the ski
disengages from the skier's boot. Older ski bindings used an elastic cable attached to the
skier's ankle, but this had a style to disconnect during a severe fall.
Inherent security is impossible to blueprint into some products, such every bit rotating machinery
together with vehicles. In such cases yous usage the 2nd method of designing for safety: You
include adequate protection for users of the product. Protection devices include safety
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed sixteen Khandani
shields placed about moving together with rotating parts, crash protective structures used in
vehicles, together with "kill" switches that automatically plough a machine off (or on) if in that location is
potential for human injury. For example, novel lawnmowers by together with large include a protective
shield roofing the grass outlet together with include a kill switch that turns the motor off when the
operator releases the handle.
The 3rd method used inward considering security is the usage of alert labels describing
inherent dangers inward the product. Although this method does non implement security in
design, it is primarily used every bit a way to shift the responsibleness to the consumer for having
ignored the security guidelines inward using the product. In most cases, however, a warning
label volition non protect yous from liability. Protective shields or other devices must be
included inward the design.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 production liability suit may live the termination of a personal injury due to the performance of a
especial product. The manufacturer together with designer of a device tin live found liable to
compensate a worker for losses incurred during the performance or usage of their product.
During a production liability trial, the plaintiff attempts to present that the designer and
manufacturer of a production are negligent inward allowing the production to live lay on the
market. The plaintiff's attorney may convey charges of negligence against the designer.
To protect themselves inward a production liability trial, engineers must usage state-of-the-art
blueprint procedures during the blueprint process. They must maintain records of all calculations
together with methods used during the blueprint process. Safety considerations must live included in
the criteria for all blueprint solutions. The designer must also foresee other ways people
could usage the product. If a somebody uses a store vacuum to take away a gasoline spill, is the
designer responsible when the vacuum catches fire? The courts tin create upwardly one's hear that a blueprint is
pitiful if the engineer did non foresee improper usage of the product. It is imperative that you
evaluate all of your choice solutions against security considerations. Reject or modify
whatsoever dangerous elements of your blueprint at this stage inward the blueprint process.
Economic together with Market Analysis. The internet termination or purpose of most engineering scientific discipline designs
is to make a production that generates a turn a profit for the company. Obviously, each
choice blueprint has to live evaluated against criteria such every bit sales features, potential
market, cost of manufacturing, advertising, together with so on. Large companies oft conduct
marketing surveys to obtain a stair out of what Earth volition buy. These surveys may be
conducted past times telephone interviews alongside randomly selected people, or they may be
personal interviews conducted alongside potential users of a product. Our social club is based on
economic science together with competition. Many goodness ideas never acquire inward production because the
manufacturing costs transcend what people volition pay for the product. Market analysis
involves applying principles of probability together with statistics to determine if the response of a
selected grouping of people represents the persuasion of social club every bit a whole. Even alongside a good
marketing survey, manufacturers never know for sure as shooting if a novel production volition sell.
Mechanical/Strength Analysis. Engineering analysis of a preliminary blueprint often
include the analysis of its mechanical features. The engineer conducts mechanical
analysis to reply questions such as, "Will the device or construction back upwardly the maximum
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 17 Khandani
loads that it volition live subjected to?" You must also determine the termination of shocks and
repetitive or dynamic loading over the life of the product. Many systems generate heat, so
yous demand to determine if the blueprint tin dissipate all of the estrus beingness generated during
normal operation. Thermal analysis is an expanse of import to the blueprint of electronic
equipment. Many pieces of electronic equipment neglect prematurely due to inadequate heat
transfer. For example, the early releases of Intel's Pentium microprocessor could not
operate at their rated speed due to overheating. The production of this microcircuit was
delayed spell engineers figured out ways to dissipate the excess heat.
You demand to perform strength calculations to determine whether the blueprint alternative
volition live able to back upwardly the specified mechanical loads. As a mechanical scheme is
subjected to applied loads, it volition deform or deflect.
Many products incorporate several subsystems and, quite often, the evaluation is done on
each of the subsystems rather than the consummate production itself.
The Decision Process
After analyzing your choice solutions, yous demand to create upwardly one's hear together with document which
blueprint solution is the best. You volition refine together with develop the best solution inward to a greater extent than detail
during the afterward stages of the blueprint process. At this stage, to evaluate each solution
objectively against the stated blueprint criteria or requirements, yous demand a quantitative
footing for judging together with evaluating each blueprint alternative. One widely used method to
formalize the decision-making physical care for is the conclusion matrix. The conclusion matrix is a
mathematical tool yous tin usage to derive a number that specifies together with justifies the best
decision.
The starting fourth dimension stair inward creating a conclusion matrix is for the blueprint squad to rank, inward monastic tell of
importance, the desirable attributes or criteria for the blueprint solution. These attributes can
include factors such every bit safety, manufacturing considerations, the ease of fabrication and
assembly, cost, portability, compliance alongside authorities regulations, etc. You together with so assign
to each attribute or criteria a value factor related to the relative importance of that
attribute. For example, suppose yous create upwardly one's hear that security is twice every bit of import to the success
of your blueprint every bit cost. You would assign a value factor of twenty for security together with a value factor
of 10 for cost. You assign value factors on a footing of 0 to 100, representing relative
importance of each criterion to the decision.
Next yous evaluate each blueprint choice against the stated criteria. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 rating factor is
assigned to each solution, based on how good that solution satisfies the given criterion.
The rating factor is on a scale of 0 to 10, alongside 10 representing a solution that satisfies the
given criterion the best. To brand an accurate evaluation, yous demand every bit much information
every bit possible. Unfortunately, engineers seldom receive got plenty information to brand a
"perfect" evaluation. If yous receive got done the analysis stage of the blueprint physical care for properly,
those results tin supply a footing for evaluation. Computer models together with prototypes tin also
yield valuable information to assist inward the conclusion phase. In most cases yous must use
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed xviii Khandani
engineering scientific discipline judgment, together with the conclusion is subjective. The next instance illustrates
the usage of a conclusion matrix inward deciding the best choice blueprint for a tin crusher.
Example: Aluminum Can Crusher
Students are beingness asked to blueprint a unproblematic device to rhythm out aluminum cans. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 student
blueprint squad proposes 4 solutions to the problem. They develop vi criteria that are
of import to a successful design. The pupil squad agrees that the most of import criteria
(or desirable attributes) of the blueprint together with assigned weights are
· Safety: xxx per centum (30 points)
· Ease of use: twenty per centum (20 points)
· Portability: twenty per centum (20 points)
· Durability together with strength:10 per centum (10 points)
· Use of touchstone parts:10 per centum (10 points)
· Cost:10 per centum (10 points)
This squad also proposes 4 choice solutions to this problem, which are illustrated in
the next Figure. They are
1. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 spring-loaded crusher
2. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 foot-operated device
3. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 gravity-powered dead weight crusher
4. An arm-powered lever arm crusher
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed nineteen Khandani
After analyzing each solution against the vi criteria, the squad evaluates each design
alternative. After assigning a rating factor to each blueprint choice for each of the
specified criteria, the squad multiplies the rating factor past times the value factor. The production of
the value together with rating factors is together with so summed downwardly the column for each blueprint alternative.
The total amount at the bottom of each column determines the best blueprint alternative. The
results of this conclusion matrix are illustrated inward the next Table.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed twenty Khandani
Although rating each blueprint against the vi stated criteria is subjective, the rating factor
for each blueprint choice is assigned according to the consensus of the blueprint team. The
results of an analysis are used to evaluate together with charge per unit of measurement each design. The rating factor R is
assigned according to the next scale:
· Excellent 9-10
· Good 7-8
· Fair 5-6
· Poor 3-4
· Unsatisfactory 0-2
Design 4 was chosen the best blueprint largely due to the rating assigned for safety,
criterion l. The squad felt that the chances of human injury were negligible for this design.
Since security is the most of import factor (30% of the total weight), the high security rating
for blueprint 4 gives it the highest overall score (9 x 30, or 270).
5. TEST AND IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION
The terminal stage of the blueprint physical care for is implementation, which refers to the testing,
construction, together with manufacturing of the solution to the blueprint problem. You must consider
several methods of implementation, such every bit prototyping together with concurrent engineering, as
good every bit distinct activities that occur during implementation, such every bit documenting the
blueprint solution together with applying for patents.
Prototyping. The starting fourth dimension stage of testing together with implementation of a novel product, called
prototyping, consists of edifice a epitome of the product-the starting fourth dimension fully operational
production of the consummate blueprint solution. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 epitome is non fully tested together with may not
piece of work or operate every bit intended. The purpose of the epitome is to show the blueprint solution
nether existent conditions. For example, a novel aircraft blueprint would starting fourth dimension live tested every bit a scale
model inward a current of air tunnel. Wind tunnel tests would generate information to live used in
constructing a full-size epitome of the aircraft. Test pilots together with so wing the prototype
extensively nether existent conditions. Only after testing nether all expected together with unusual
operating atmospheric condition are the prototypes brought into total production.
Concurrent Engineering. Traditional blueprint practices are primarily series or sequential:
Each stair inward the physical care for is completed inward monastic tell or sequence solely after the previous steps
receive got been completed. The implementation of the blueprint occurs after a epitome or model
is created from engineering scientific discipline drawings. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 machinist working from the engineering
drawings generated past times a drafter, or an engineer, makes the prototype. Only after creating
a epitome of the blueprint would the engineer uncovering that a hole was also small, parts
didn't mate properly, or a handgrip was misplaced. The part would receive got to live redesigned
together with the physical care for completed until a satisfactory solution was reached.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 21 Khandani
In the competitive manufacturing climate of the 1990s, the series exercise of design
proved inadequate. In a affair of months, a manufacturer may uncovering that factors such as
markets, stuff prices together with technology, together with authorities regulations together with taxation laws may
receive got changed. This competitive surround required a fellowship to blueprint high-quality
products faster, better, together with less expensively than their competitors. One solution to the
traditional blueprint paradigm was concurrent engineering.
Concurrent engineering scientific discipline is the powerfulness to implement parallel blueprint together with analysis inward which
safety, manufacturability, serviceability, marketability, together with compliance issues are
considered early together with during the process. Concurrent engineering scientific discipline is nevertheless possible
through the application of modern computer-aided blueprint (CAD), analysis, and
manufacturing software. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 designer starts alongside an thought of a novel production inward which the
to a higher house factors are considered together with uses the CAD software to create a preliminary design.
With the appropriate software, the preliminary blueprint tin also live analyzed for
functionality every bit the blueprint is beingness created. Using the results of this analysis, the designer
together with so makes whatsoever necessary modifications together with reanalyzes the reckoner model. An engineer
designing a bike frame, for example, would usage concurrent engineering scientific discipline to minimize
the weight together with maximize the supported loads inward a novel frame design. The engineer would
starting fourth dimension create a blueprint together with model the physical demeanour of the frame on the reckoner before
really manufacturing the frame.
The side past times side stage inward concurrent engineering scientific discipline is called rapid prototyping or sometimes called
"art to part." Here the three-dimensional reckoner model of the finished blueprint is used
alongside computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software to drive appropriate mechanism to
physically create the part. The entire blueprint cycle thus becomes nearly paperless.
Engineers tin perish from blueprint to epitome inward a affair of days, instead of weeks or
months every bit alongside before series blueprint practices. Since blueprint is an iterative process,
concurrent engineering scientific discipline significantly shortens the fourth dimension betwixt iterations. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 production can
thus acquire to marketplace seat much quicker, at a lower cost, together with alongside a higher quality.
Documentation. One of the most of import activities inward blueprint is documenting your work,
clearly communicating the solution to your blueprint occupation so someone else can
empathise what yous receive got created. Usually this consists of a blueprint or technical report.
Communicating the solution to a blueprint occupation through language, both written together with oral,
is a vital part of the implementation phase. Many people yous volition live communicating with
do non receive got technical preparation together with competence. They may live the full general public,
authorities officials, or concern leaders. Successful engineers must possess to a greater extent than than
merely technical skills. The powerfulness to communicate together with sell a blueprint solution to others is
also a critical skill.
You tin usage graphs, charts, together with other visual materials to summarize the solution process
together with nowadays your piece of work to others. Multimedia techniques, including Power Point
presentations, slides, sounds, videos, together with computer-generated animations, are oft used
to clearly communicate the solution to a blueprint problem.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 22 Khandani
Applying for Patents. If yous develop an master copy together with novel solution to a blueprint problem,
part of the implementation stage may include applying for a patent on your solution. A
patent volition non protect yous from someone else copying your solution, but it does give you
specific rights to brand together with sell your blueprint for a specified period. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 patent is an
understanding made betwixt you-the designer or inventor-and the US government.
Through a patent document yous concur to brand world all the details together with engineering of
your invention. You concur to supply an conception disclosure, which provides enough
details to allow anyone to build a working model of your invention. Most large libraries
forthwith receive got files of issued patents, which are available for anyone to see. These tin live a
goodness source of ideas for engineering scientific discipline blueprint solutions. In render for making your
conception or blueprint solution public, the US Patent Office grants yous the exclusive right
to your conception for a specified menses of time.
Pursuing a patent is non a trivial physical care for together with may take a long time, costing hundreds or
fifty-fifty thousands of dollars. Before considering a patent yous should receive got a general
understanding of patent requirements together with what tin live patented. Ideas past times themselves
cannot live patented. To obtain a patent, yous must show that your thought tin live applied to
make a "new together with useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or
whatsoever novel together with useful improvement thereof." These categories include merely nigh everything
made past times people together with the processes for making them.
Most engineering scientific discipline blueprint problems autumn into the patentable categories of utility patents or
blueprint patents. All mechanical together with electrical devices autumn into the category of utility
patent, which is granted for twenty years. At the terminate of the patent period, your protection
expires, together with anyone tin copy, manufacture, together with sell your conception without giving you
credit or payment. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint patent is granted to protect the styling or ornamental features
of a design. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint patent is solely granted for the appearance of an item, non for how it
plant or is made. For example, if yous invent a telephone that looks similar a shoe, you
mightiness apply for a blueprint patent. The blueprint patent would live granted on the appearance of
the phone, non on the electronic together with mechanical workings of the phone. Design patents
are granted for 3-1/2, 7, or fourteen years, depending on the patent fee paid. The fees range
from $200 to $600.
Patents are solely granted to the inventor of a device. However, the inventor tin assign the
rights to the patent to some other party. If yous develop an conception spell working every bit an
engineer for a company, yous volition in all probability live required to assign the patent rights to that
conception to your employer.
Once a patent is granted, in that location is no guarantee that someone else volition non attempt to re-create the
invention. The US Patent Office does non enforce patent rights. It is the responsibleness of
the patent holder or a patent attorney to constabulary the patent together with brand sure as shooting no ane else
copies it spell it is inward effect. Since a patent makes all information nigh your design
public, some people take non to pursue a patent, but rather maintain the details of the
conception secret. If no ane else learns how the conception works, yous volition receive got protection
until some other inventor figures it out. For example, the formulas for Coca-Cola together with Silly
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 23 Khandani
Putty receive got never been patented, together with the secrets are solely known to selected company
officials.
To apply for a patent, yous demand to ready together with include the next items:
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 written document clearly describing your conception together with stating that yous are the
master copy inventor. Enough information must live provided so that someone else can
brand your conception from the information yous provide. You must also make
claims nigh your conception which clitoris the features which distinguish it from
already patentable material.
Engineering drawings that follow the format documented inward Guide for Patent
Draftsmen, which is available from the US Patent Office.
The filing fee. This is a basic fee of at to the lowest degree $ 150 that must accompany the patent
application. If the patent is granted, yous volition live charged an additional patent issue
fee. The total charges for obtaining a patent tin live hundreds of dollars.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 patent is granted solely after an extensive review physical care for of the US Patent Office. The
business office volition starting fourth dimension search the nearly 5 1000000 existing patents to determine whether your
blueprint has been previously patented or infringes on an existing patent. This physical care for can
take several years together with live real expensive. Many inventors employ patent attorneys or
agents to conduct a preliminary patent search. Most large libraries receive got records of all the
patents filed alongside the US Patent Office. This information is also available on a CDROM
database at many libraries. You tin facial expression at this database together with read the patent
applications filed nether the same production category every bit yours. This volition give yous a good
thought on how an application is written together with mightiness assist yous improve your ain design.
Before spending to a greater extent than fourth dimension together with coin pursuing a patent, it is a goodness thought to uncovering out if
someone else has already patented your invention.
Testing together with Verification. Testing together with verification are of import parts of the design
process. At all steps inward the process, yous may uncovering that your potential solution is flawed
together with receive got to dorsum upwardly to a previous stair to acquire a workable solution. Without proper testing
at all stages inward the process, yous may uncovering yourself making costly mistakes later.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 24 Khandani
REFERENCE
1. Ertas, A., Jones, J. C., The Engineering Design Process, John Wiley together with Sons, New
York, 1996.
2. Lumsdaine, E., Lumsdaine, M., Shelnutt, J. W., Creative Problem Solving and
Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1999.
3. Sanders, M. S., McCormick, E. J., Human Factors inward Engineering together with Design,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1993.
4. Dym, C. L., Little, P., Engineering Design: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Project-Based Introduction, John
Wiley, New York, 1999.
5. Hyman, B., Fundamental of Engineering Design, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1998.
Sumber http://d-division-eme.blogspot.com/
ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS
Education Transfer Plan
Prepared by
Seyyed Khandani, Ph.D.
skhandani@dvc.edu
August 2005
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed two Khandani
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 3
BACKGROUND 4
ENGINEERING DESIGN 4
THE DESIGN PROCESS 5
1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM 6
2. GATHER PERTINENT INFORMATION 9
3. GENERATE MULIPLE SOLUTIONS 11
4. ANALYZE AND SELECT Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SOLUTION 12
5. TEST AND IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION 19
REFERENCE 23
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 3 Khandani
PREFACE
This document is designed every bit an introduction to how engineering scientific discipline products are designed.
It is intended for usage inward an introductory blueprint course of study inward engineering scientific discipline alongside the objective of
providing some hands-on sense for people interested inward exploring engineering
disciplines.
This document is prepared based on the sense of the author* spell completing a
summertime fellowship at Solectron Corporation inward Milpitas, California. This fellowship was
coordinated past times the Industry Initiatives for Science together with Math Education (IISME) inward 2005.
I would similar to specially give cheers Mr. Hoshang Vaid, every bit my principal mentor, at Solectron
Corporation whose continuous back upwardly together with guidance has made my fellowship experience
real productive together with educational. Furthermore, I would similar to extend my appreciation to
the other members of the Design together with Engineering subdivision at Solectron Corporation
for making my sense pleasant.
__________________________________________________________________ _____
Seyyed Khandani has a Ph.D. inward Mechanical Engineering from MIT together with is currently a
professor of engineering scientific discipline at Diablo Valley College inward Pleasant Hill, California.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 4 Khandani
BACKGROUND
If yous take a minute to uncovering your surroundings, yous volition consider examples of
technological creativity. The physical objects yous see, whether they are telephones,
automobiles, bicycles, or electrical appliances, all came into beingness through the creative
application of technology. These everyday inventions did non miraculously appear but
originated inward the minds of human beings together with took fourth dimension to develop. Engineering is the
creative physical care for of turning abstract ideas into physical representations (products or
systems). What distinguishes engineers from painters, poets, or sculptors is that engineers
apply their creative energies to producing products or systems that come across human needs.
This creative deed is called design.
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Most engineering scientific discipline designs tin live classified every bit inventions-devices or systems that are
created past times human exertion together with did non be before or are improvements over existing
devices or systems. Inventions, or designs, do non all of a precipitous appear from nowhere. They
are the termination of bringing together technologies to come across human needs or to solve problems.
Sometimes a blueprint is the termination of someone trying to do a task to a greater extent than rapidly or
efficiently. Design activity occurs over a menses of fourth dimension together with requires a step-by-step
methodology.
We described engineers primarily every bit occupation solvers. What distinguishes blueprint from
other types of occupation solving is the nature of both the occupation together with the solution. Design
problems are opened upwardly ended inward nature, which agency they receive got to a greater extent than than ane correct
solution. The termination or solution to a blueprint occupation is a scheme that possesses specified
properties.
Design problems are commonly to a greater extent than vaguely defined than analysis problems. Suppose that
yous are asked to determine the maximum tiptop of a snowball given an initial velocity
together with unloosen height. This is an analysis occupation because it has solely ane answer. If you
modify the occupation contention to read, "Design a device to launch a 1-pound snowball to
a tiptop of at to the lowest degree 160 feet," this analysis occupation becomes a blueprint problem. The
solution to the blueprint occupation is a scheme having specified properties (able to launch a
snowball 160 feet), whereas the solution to the analysis occupation consisted of the
properties of a given scheme (the tiptop of the snowball). The solution to a design
occupation is thus opened upwardly ended, since in that location are many possible devices that tin launch a
snowball to a given height. The master copy occupation had a unmarried solution: the maximum
tiptop of the snowball, determined from the specified initial conditions.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 5 Khandani
Solving blueprint problems is oft an iterative process: As the solution to a blueprint problem
evolves, yous uncovering yourself continually refining the design. While implementing the
solution to a blueprint problem, yous may uncovering that the solution you've developed is
unsafe, also expensive, or volition non work. You together with so "go dorsum to the drawing board" and
modify the solution until it meets your requirements. For example, the Wright brothers'
bird did non wing perfectly the starting fourth dimension time. They began a programme for edifice an airplane
past times starting fourth dimension conducting tests alongside kites together with and so gliders. Before attempting powered flight,
they solved the essential problems of controlling a plane's motion inward rising, descending,
together with turning. They didn't create a powered plane until after making to a greater extent than than 700
successful glider flights. Design activity is thus cyclic or iterative inward nature, whereas
analysis occupation solving is primarily sequential.
The solution to a blueprint occupation does non all of a precipitous appear inward a vacuum. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 goodness solution
requires a methodology or process. There are in all probability every bit many processes of blueprint as
in that location are engineers. Therefore, this lesson does non nowadays a stiff "cookbook" approach
to blueprint but presents a full general application of the five-step problem-solving methodology
associated alongside the blueprint process. The physical care for described hither is general, together with yous can
arrange it to the especial occupation yous are trying to solve.
THE DESIGN PROCESS
The basic five-step physical care for commonly used inward a problem-solving plant for blueprint problems
every bit well. Since blueprint problems are commonly defined to a greater extent than vaguely together with receive got a multitude of
right answers, the physical care for may require backtracking together with iteration. Solving a design
occupation is a contingent physical care for together with the solution is dependent to unforeseen complications
together with changes every bit it develops. Until the Wright brothers really built together with tested their early
gliders, they did non know the problems together with difficulties they would human face upwardly controlling a
powered plane.
The 5 steps used for solving blueprint problems are:
1. Define the problem
2. Gather pertinent information
3. Generate multiple solutions
4. Analyze together with select a solution
5. Test together with implement the solution
The starting fourth dimension stair inward the blueprint physical care for is the occupation definition. This Definition usually
contains a listing of the production or client requirements together with specially information
nigh production functions together with features amid other things. In the side past times side step, relevant
information for the blueprint of the production together with its functional specifications is obtained. A
survey regarding the availability of similar products inward the marketplace seat should live performed at
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 6 Khandani
this stage. Once the details of the blueprint are clearly identified, the blueprint squad with
inputs from test, manufacturing, together with marketing teams generates multiple alternatives to
accomplish the goals together with the requirements of the design. Considering cost, safety, together with other
criteria for selection, the to a greater extent than promising alternatives are selected for farther analysis.
Detail blueprint together with analysis stair enables a consummate study of the solutions together with termination in
identification of the terminal blueprint that best fits the production requirements. Following this
step, a epitome of the blueprint is constructed together with functional tests are performed to verify
together with mayhap modify the design.
When solving a blueprint problem, yous may uncovering at whatsoever betoken inward the physical care for that yous demand to
perish dorsum to a previous step. The solution yous chose may show unworkable for any
number of reasons together with may require redefining the problem, collecting to a greater extent than information,
or generating dissimilar solutions. This continuous iterative physical care for is represented inward the
next Figure.
This document intends to clarify some of the details involved inward implementing the design
process. Therefore a description of the details involved inward each stair of the blueprint process
is listed below. Although the descriptions of the activities within each stair may give the
impression that the steps are sequential together with independent from each other, the iterative
nature of the application of the physical care for should live kept inward hear throughout the document.
1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM
You demand to start the solution to a blueprint occupation alongside a clear, unambiguous definition
of the problem. Unlike an analysis problem, a blueprint occupation oft begins every bit a vague,
abstract thought inward the hear of the designer. Creating a clear Definition of a blueprint problem
is to a greater extent than hard than, defining an analysis problem. The Definition of a blueprint problem
may evolve through a series of steps or processes every bit yous develop a to a greater extent than complete
understanding of the problem.
Generate
multiple
solutions
Test and
Implement
solution
Define the
Problem
Analyze
together with select
a solution
Gather
Information
Engineering
Design
Process
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed vii Khandani
Identify together with Establish the Need
Engineering blueprint activity ever occurs inward response to a human need. Before yous can
develop a occupation Definition contention for a blueprint problem, yous demand to recognize the
demand for a novel product, system, or machine. Thomas Newcomen saw the demand for a
machine to heart the H2O from the bottom of coal mines inward England. Recognizing this
human demand provided him the stimulus for designing the starting fourth dimension steam engine inward 1712.
Before engineers tin clearly define a blueprint problem, they must consider together with empathise this
need.
Although engineers are by together with large involved inward defining the problem, they may non live the
ones who initially recognize the need. In individual industry, marketplace seat forces generally
flora the demand for a novel design. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 company's survival depends on producing a
production that people volition purchase together with tin live manufactured together with sold at a profit. Ultimately,
consumers flora a need, because they volition purchase together with usage a production that they
perceive every bit coming together a demand for comfort, health, recreation, transportation, shelter, together with so
on. Likewise, the citizens of a authorities create upwardly one's hear whether they demand security drinking water,
roads together with highways, libraries, schools, burn protection, together with so on.
The perceived need, however, may non live the existent need. Before yous delve into the details
of producing a solution, yous demand to brand sure as shooting yous receive got plenty information to generate
a clear, unambiguous occupation Definition that addresses the existent need. The following
instance illustrates the importance of understanding the demand before attempting a solution.
Example: Automobile Airbag Inflation - How Not to Solve a Problem
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 fellowship that manufactures automobile airbags has a occupation alongside an unacceptably
high charge per unit of measurement of failure inward the inflation of the bag. During testing, 10 per centum of the bags do
non fully inflate. An engineer is assigned the chore of solving the problem. At starting fourth dimension the
engineer defines the occupation every bit a failure inward the materials together with construction of the inflation
device. The engineer begins to solve this occupation past times producing a to a greater extent than robust inflation
device. After considerable effort, the engineer discovers that improving the inflation
device does non modify the failure charge per unit of measurement inward the bags. Eventually, this engineer re-examines
the initial Definition of the problem. The fellowship investigates the airbag inflation
occupation farther together with discovers that a high story of variability inward the tightness of folds is
responsible for the failure of some bags to inflate. At the fourth dimension the bags were folded and
packed past times people on an assembly line. With a to a greater extent than consummate understanding of the need,
the engineer redefined the occupation every bit ane of increasing the consistency inward tightness of the
folds inward the bags. The terminal solution to this occupation is a machine that automatically folds
the bags.
Often the apparent demand is non the existent need. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mutual style is to start generating a
solution to an apparent occupation without understanding the problem. This approach is
just the incorrect way to start solving a occupation such every bit this. You would live generating
solutions to a occupation that has never been defined.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 8 Khandani
People receive got a natural style to assault the electrical current solution to a occupation rather than the
occupation itself. Attacking a electrical current solution may eliminate inadequacies but volition not
make a creative together with innovative solution. For example, the engineer at the airbag
fellowship could receive got solely looked at the electrical current method for folding airbags-using humans
on an assembly line. The engineer mightiness receive got solved the occupation alongside inconsistent
tightness past times modifying the assembly line of piece of work procedure. However, the terminal solution to the
occupation proved to live to a greater extent than cost effective together with reliable, inward improver to producing a superior
consistency inward the tightness of the folds.
Develop a Problem Statement
The starting fourth dimension stair inward the problem-solving process, therefore, is to formulate the occupation in
clear together with unambiguous terms. Defining the occupation is non the same every bit recognizing a need.
The occupation Definition contention results from starting fourth dimension identifying a need. The engineer at the
airbag fellowship responded to a demand to bring down the number of airbag inflation failures. He
made a mistake, however, inward non formulating a clear Definition of the occupation before
generating a solution. Once a demand has been established, engineers define that demand in
terms of an engineering scientific discipline blueprint occupation statement. To hit a clear definition, they
collect data, run experiments, together with perform computations that allow that demand to be
expressed every bit part of an engineering scientific discipline problem-solving process.
Consider for instance the contention "Design a ameliorate mousetrap." This contention is non an
adequate occupation Definition for an engineering scientific discipline blueprint problem. It expresses a vague
dissatisfaction alongside existing mousetraps together with thus establishes a need. An engineer
would take this contention of demand together with conduct farther enquiry to seat what was
lacking inward existing mousetrap designs. After farther investigation the engineer may
uncovering that existing mousetraps are inadequate because they don't supply protection
from the deadly Hantavirus carried past times mice. Therefore, a ameliorate mousetrap may live one
that is sanitary together with does non expose human beings to the Hantavirus. From this need, the
occupation Definition is modified to read, "Design a mousetrap that allows for the sanitary
disposal of the trapped mouse, minimizing human exposure to the Hantavirus."
The occupation contention should specifically address the existent demand yet live broad plenty not
to foreclose sure as shooting solutions. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 broad Definition of the occupation allows yous to facial expression at a
broad hit of choice solutions before yous focus on a specific solution. The
temptation at this betoken inward the blueprint physical care for is to develop a preconceived mental
"picture" of the occupation solution. For example, yous could define the ameliorate mousetrap
occupation every bit "Design a mousetrap that sprays the trapped mouse alongside disinfectant." This
contention is clear together with specific, but it is also also narrow. It excludes many potentially
innovative solutions. If yous focus on a specific painting or thought for solving the occupation at
this stage of the blueprint process, yous may never uncovering the genuinely innovative solutions to
the problem. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 occupation contention should live concise together with flexible plenty to allow for
creative solutions.
Here is ane possible occupation Definition contention for our ameliorate mousetrap problem:
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed ix Khandani
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Better Mousetrap: Certain rodents such every bit the mutual mouse are carriers and
transmitters of an oft fatal virus, the Hantavirus. Conventional mousetraps
expose people to this virus every bit they grip the trap together with dispose of the mouse.
Design a mousetrap that allows a somebody to trap together with dispose of a mouse without
beingness exposed to whatsoever bacterial or viral agents beingness carried on the mouse.
Establish Criteria for Success
Criteria for success are the specifications a blueprint solution must come across or the attributes it
must possess to live considered successful. You should include criteria inward the problem
contention to supply direction toward the solution. At this betoken inward the blueprint process, the
criteria are preliminary. As the blueprint solution develops, yous volition most probable uncovering that
the initial criteria demand to live redefined or modified. Preliminary criteria must non live too
specific so they allow flexibility through the blueprint process.
The criteria that apply to a especial blueprint occupation are based on your background
noesis together with the enquiry that you've conducted. Since each occupation or projection is
unique, the desirable attributes, or criteria, of the solution are also unique. Some criteria
are unimportant to the success of the design. The listing of criteria is developed past times the
blueprint team. The blueprint squad is made upwardly of people from diverse engineering
backgrounds that receive got expertise pertinent to the problem. This squad may also include
people from backgrounds other than engineering, such every bit managers, scientists, and
technicians. The blueprint squad must evaluate each criterion together with create upwardly one's hear if it is applicable to
the blueprint effort. Later inward the blueprint process, value judgments must live applied to the list
of criteria. Therefore, it makes footling sense to include those criteria that volition live of
relatively depression priority inward the evaluation of blueprint solutions. For example, if yous were
designing a critical life back upwardly system, yous would non include the criterion of "must be
minimum cost," because cost is non an of import factor inward evaluating this design.
The next is a listing of preliminary criteria for a ameliorate mousetrap design. This list
would live included inward the occupation Definition statement.
· The blueprint must live depression cost.
· The blueprint should live safe, especially alongside small-scale children.
· The blueprint should non live detrimental to the environment.
· The blueprint should live aesthetically pleasing.
· The blueprint should live unproblematic to operate, alongside minimum human effort.
· The blueprint must live disposable (you don't reuse the trap).
· The blueprint should non drive undue hurting together with suffering for the mouse.
2. GATHER PERTINENT INFORMATION
Before yous tin perish farther inward the blueprint process, yous demand to collect all the information
available that relates to the problem. Novice designers volition rapidly skip over this stair and
maintain to the generation of choice solutions. You volition find, however, that effort
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 10 Khandani
spent searching for information nigh your occupation volition pay large dividends afterward inward the
blueprint process. Gathering pertinent information tin give away facts nigh the occupation that
termination inward a redefinition of the problem. You may uncovering mistakes together with fake starts made
past times other designers. Information gathering for most blueprint problems begins alongside asking
the next questions. If the occupation addresses a demand that is new, together with so in that location are no
existing solutions to the problems, so acre some of the questions would non be
asked.
· Is the occupation existent together with its contention accurate?
· Is in that location really a demand for a novel solution or has the occupation already been solved?
· What are the existing solutions to the problem?
· What is incorrect alongside the way the occupation is currently beingness solved?
· What is right nigh the way the occupation is currently beingness solved?
· What companies manufacture the existing solution to the problem?
· What are the economical factors governing the solution?
· How much volition people pay for a solution to the problem?
· What other factors are of import to the occupation solution (such every bit safety,
aesthetics together with environmental issues)?
Search for Information Resources
As an engineering scientific discipline pupil inward the 2000s yous receive got many to a greater extent than sources of information
available to yous than engineers did solely twenty years ago. This subdivision discusses some of the
most electrical current resources available, but because our ground is witnessing an information
explosion, past times the fourth dimension yous read this many to a greater extent than resources volition live available that are not
mentioned here.
Traditional publications are soundless an essential source of information to engineers and
scientists. However, electronic information transfer together with retrieval are rapidly becoming a
touchstone source for engineers together with scientists. When yous start a search for information
relating to a blueprint problem, yous must live prepared to perish to many dissimilar sources. The
library is soundless the primary source of information for an engineering scientific discipline student. Your success
every bit an engineer together with pupil volition live enhanced if yous are able to usage the library effectively.
For specific assist on using our library, yous should consult the library staff at the college;
they in all probability offering courses or seminars on library usage.
Some of the mutual resources available at a academy library are discussed below:
Scientific encyclopedias together with technical handbooks. These sources are a goodness place
to start when yous are investigating an expanse or occupation that is novel to you. An
encyclopedia or handbook provides a brief full general overview past times an authorization inward a
especial acre together with includes references for to a greater extent than detailed information. The
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science together with Technology covers all scientific fields.
Technical handbooks, such every bit the Electrical Engineers Handbook or Mark's
Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, encompass diverse fields such every bit chemical, civil,
electrical, or mechanical engineering. The information contained inward these
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed xi Khandani
handbooks is presented inward a real concise shape together with tin live goodness starting points for
an inward depth search.
Electronic catalog. Electronic catalogs give a listing of all the sources available at
your library. The catalogs allow search past times dependent matter, author, or title. They
give a brief summary of the book's content, including the title, author, publisher,
copyright date, together with total number of pages. The telephone phone number tells yous where to
locate the mass inward your library.
Indexes. Indexes categorize electrical current plant inward diverse disciplines. They listing the
subject, title, together with writer of recent articles inward technical together with merchandise journals under
diverse dependent headings. Some indexes include brief abstracts of articles. Most
indexes are updated monthly, so a consummate search through an index may be
tedious. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 familiar index to scientists together with engineers is the Index of Applied
Science together with Technology. It lists articles from 335 journals together with is updated monthly.
The Engineering Index is some other pop index for engineers. It selects articles
from around 2700 journals together with periodic publications together with includes an
abstract of each article.
The Internet. There is a wealth of information on the Internet from a diversity of
sources. Manufacturers, professional person together with merchandise organizations, suppliers of
products, together with many authorities agencies receive got valuable resources on their
websites. Search engines such every bit Google(www.google.com) and
Teoma(www.teoma.com) offering tools to locate relevant information rapidly and
efficiently.
3. GENERATE MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS
The side past times side stair inward the blueprint physical care for begins alongside inventiveness inward generating novel ideas that
may solve the problem. Creativity is much to a greater extent than than merely a systematic application of
rules together with theory to solve a technical problem.
You start alongside existing solutions to the occupation together with and so tear them apart-find out what's
incorrect alongside those solutions together with focus on how to improve their weaknesses. Consciously
combine novel ideas, tools, together with methods to make a totally unique solution to the
problem. This physical care for is called synthesis. Casey Golden, historic menses 13, did this when he
invented the BIOtee. Casey noticed that discarded together with broken wooden golf game tees littered
golf game courses, damaging the blades together with tires of lawn mowers. He decided to blueprint a new
biodegradable tee. After experimenting alongside dissimilar mixtures, he devised a recipe made
of recycled newspaper fiber together with nutrient byproducts coated alongside a water-soluble film. When the
celluloid is broken, wet inward the ground breaks downwardly the tee within 24 hours. As a termination of
his creative efforts, Casey's household unit of measurement started a fellowship to manufacture BIOtees producing
several 1000000 tees per year.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 12 Khandani
Psychological enquiry has found no correlation betwixt news together with creativity.
People are creative because they brand a witting exertion to holler back together with deed creatively.
Everybody has the potential to live creative. Creativity begins alongside a conclusion to take risks.
Listed below are a few characteristics of creative people. These are non stiff rules to be
followed to sense creativity. You tin improve your creative powerfulness past times choosing to
develop these characteristics inward yourself.
· Curiosity together with tolerance of the unknown. Creative people receive got a positive curiosity
of the unknown. They are non afraid of what they don't understand.
· Openness to novel experiences. Creative people receive got a good for yous together with positive attitude
toward novel experiences.
· Willingness to take risks. Creative people are non afraid to take risks together with attempt new
experiences or ideas, knowing that they may live misunderstood together with criticized by
others. They are self-confident together with non afraid to fail.
· Ability to uncovering details together with consider the "whole picture." Creative people notice and
uncovering details relating to the problem, but they also tin stair dorsum together with consider the
bigger picture.
· No fearfulness of problems. Creative people are non afraid to tackle complex problems,
together with they fifty-fifty search for problems to solve. They seek solutions to problems with
their ain abilities together with sense if possible. They receive got the mental attitude of "if you
desire something done, you'd ameliorate do it yourself."
· Ability to concentrate together with focus on the occupation until it's solved. Creative people
tin laid goals together with stick to them until they're reached. They focus on a occupation and
do non surrender until the occupation is solved. They receive got persistence together with tenacity.
Solutions to engineering scientific discipline blueprint problems do non magically appear. Ideas are generated
when people are complimentary to take risks together with brand mistakes. Brainstorming at this stage is often
a squad exertion inward which people from dissimilar disciplines are involved inward generating
multiple solutions to the problem.
4. ANALYZE AND SELECT Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 SOLUTION
Once you've conceived choice solutions to your blueprint problem, yous demand to analyze
those solutions together with and so create upwardly one's hear which solution is best suited for implementation.
Analysis is the evaluation of the proposed designs. You apply your technical knowledge
to the proposed solutions together with usage the results to create upwardly one's hear which solution to carry out. You
volition encompass blueprint analysis inward to a greater extent than depth when yous acquire inward upper-level engineering
courses.
At this stair inward the blueprint process, yous must consider the results of your blueprint analysis.
This is a highly subjective stair together with should live made past times a grouping of experienced people.
This subdivision introduces a systematic methodology yous tin usage to evaluate alternative
designs together with assist inward making a decision.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed thirteen Khandani
Analysis of Design Solutions
Before deciding which blueprint solution to implement, yous demand to analyze each
choice solution against the choice criteria defined inward stair l. You should perform
several types of analysis on each design. Every blueprint occupation is unique together with requires
dissimilar types of analysis. The next is a listing of analysis that may demand to be
considered; conduct inward hear that the importance of each varies depending on the nature of
the occupation together with the solution.
· Functional analysis
· Industrial design/Ergonomics
· Mechanical/Strength analysis
· Electrical/Electromagnetic
· Manufacturability/Testability
· Product security together with liability
· Economic together with marketplace seat analysis
· Regulatory together with Compliance
The next paragraphs supply details of some of these analysis types.
Functional analysis. This part determines whether the given blueprint solution will
part the way it should. Functional analysis is cardinal to the evaluation and
success of all designs. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint solution that does non part properly is a failure even
if it meets all other criteria. Consider for instance the conception of the ballpoint pen. This
mutual musical instrument was starting fourth dimension invented together with manufactured during World War II. The
ballpoint pen was supposed to solve the problems of refilling together with messiness inherent to
the fountain pen. Unfortunately, this novel blueprint had never been evaluated for
functionality. The early pens depended on gravity for the ink to flow to the roller ball.
This meant that the pens solely worked inward a vertical upright position, together with the ink flow was
inconsistent: Sometimes it flowed also heavily, leaving smudgy blotches on the paper;
other times the flow was also low-cal together with the markings were unreadable. The starting fourth dimension ballpoint
pens tended to leak about the ball, ruining people's clothes. An elastic ink developed in
1949, allowed the ink to flow over the ball through smoothen capillary action. Not until the
1950s did the ballpoint pen finally acquire a practical writing instrument, cheers to
proper ink together with engineering. Economy, appearance, durability, together with marketability of a
blueprint are unimportant if the production does non part properly.
Ergonomics. Ergonomics is the human factor inward engineering. It is the study of how
people interact alongside machines. Most products receive got to piece of work alongside people inward some manner.
People occupy a infinite inward or about the design, together with they may supply a source of power
or command or deed every bit a sensor for the design. For example, people sense if an automobile
air-conditioning scheme is maintaining a comfortable temperature within the car. These
factors shape the footing for human factors, or ergonomics, of a design.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint solution tin live considered successful if the blueprint fits the people using it. The
grip of a powerfulness tool must correspond the manus of everybody using it. The tool must non live too
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed fourteen Khandani
heavy or cumbersome to live manipulated past times all sizes of people using the tool. The
geometric properties of people-their weight, height, reach, circumference, together with so on-are
called anthropometric data. The difficulty inward designing for ergonomics is the abundance
of anthropometric data. The armed forces has collected together with evaluated the distribution of
human beings together with published this information inward armed forces touchstone tables. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 successful
blueprint needs to live evaluated together with analyzed against the distribution of geometry of the
people using it. The next Figure shows the geometry of typical adult males and
females for the full general population inward millimeters. Since people come upwardly inward dissimilar sizes
together with shapes, such information are used past times blueprint engineers to assure that their blueprint fits the user.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 goodness blueprint volition live adjustable plenty to correspond 95 per centum of the people who volition usage it.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed fifteen Khandani
Product Safety together with Liability. The primary consideration for security inward production blueprint is
to assure that the usage of the blueprint does non drive injury to humans. Safety together with product
liability issues, however, tin also extend beyond human injury to include property
harm together with environmental harm from the usage of your design. Engineers must also
consider the issues of security inward blueprint because of liability arising from the usage of an
dangerous product. Liability refers to the manufacturer of a machine or production beingness liable,
or financially responsible, for whatsoever injury or harm resulting from the usage of an unsafe
product.
The solely way to assure that your blueprint volition non drive injury or loss is to blueprint safety
into the product. You tin blueprint a security production inward iii ways. The starting fourth dimension method is to
blueprint security straight into the product. Ask yourself, "Is in that location whatsoever probability of injury
during the normal usage together with during failure of your design?" For example, modern downhill
ski bindings usage a spring-loaded brake that brakes the ski automatically when the ski
disengages from the skier's boot. Older ski bindings used an elastic cable attached to the
skier's ankle, but this had a style to disconnect during a severe fall.
Inherent security is impossible to blueprint into some products, such every bit rotating machinery
together with vehicles. In such cases yous usage the 2nd method of designing for safety: You
include adequate protection for users of the product. Protection devices include safety
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed sixteen Khandani
shields placed about moving together with rotating parts, crash protective structures used in
vehicles, together with "kill" switches that automatically plough a machine off (or on) if in that location is
potential for human injury. For example, novel lawnmowers by together with large include a protective
shield roofing the grass outlet together with include a kill switch that turns the motor off when the
operator releases the handle.
The 3rd method used inward considering security is the usage of alert labels describing
inherent dangers inward the product. Although this method does non implement security in
design, it is primarily used every bit a way to shift the responsibleness to the consumer for having
ignored the security guidelines inward using the product. In most cases, however, a warning
label volition non protect yous from liability. Protective shields or other devices must be
included inward the design.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 production liability suit may live the termination of a personal injury due to the performance of a
especial product. The manufacturer together with designer of a device tin live found liable to
compensate a worker for losses incurred during the performance or usage of their product.
During a production liability trial, the plaintiff attempts to present that the designer and
manufacturer of a production are negligent inward allowing the production to live lay on the
market. The plaintiff's attorney may convey charges of negligence against the designer.
To protect themselves inward a production liability trial, engineers must usage state-of-the-art
blueprint procedures during the blueprint process. They must maintain records of all calculations
together with methods used during the blueprint process. Safety considerations must live included in
the criteria for all blueprint solutions. The designer must also foresee other ways people
could usage the product. If a somebody uses a store vacuum to take away a gasoline spill, is the
designer responsible when the vacuum catches fire? The courts tin create upwardly one's hear that a blueprint is
pitiful if the engineer did non foresee improper usage of the product. It is imperative that you
evaluate all of your choice solutions against security considerations. Reject or modify
whatsoever dangerous elements of your blueprint at this stage inward the blueprint process.
Economic together with Market Analysis. The internet termination or purpose of most engineering scientific discipline designs
is to make a production that generates a turn a profit for the company. Obviously, each
choice blueprint has to live evaluated against criteria such every bit sales features, potential
market, cost of manufacturing, advertising, together with so on. Large companies oft conduct
marketing surveys to obtain a stair out of what Earth volition buy. These surveys may be
conducted past times telephone interviews alongside randomly selected people, or they may be
personal interviews conducted alongside potential users of a product. Our social club is based on
economic science together with competition. Many goodness ideas never acquire inward production because the
manufacturing costs transcend what people volition pay for the product. Market analysis
involves applying principles of probability together with statistics to determine if the response of a
selected grouping of people represents the persuasion of social club every bit a whole. Even alongside a good
marketing survey, manufacturers never know for sure as shooting if a novel production volition sell.
Mechanical/Strength Analysis. Engineering analysis of a preliminary blueprint often
include the analysis of its mechanical features. The engineer conducts mechanical
analysis to reply questions such as, "Will the device or construction back upwardly the maximum
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 17 Khandani
loads that it volition live subjected to?" You must also determine the termination of shocks and
repetitive or dynamic loading over the life of the product. Many systems generate heat, so
yous demand to determine if the blueprint tin dissipate all of the estrus beingness generated during
normal operation. Thermal analysis is an expanse of import to the blueprint of electronic
equipment. Many pieces of electronic equipment neglect prematurely due to inadequate heat
transfer. For example, the early releases of Intel's Pentium microprocessor could not
operate at their rated speed due to overheating. The production of this microcircuit was
delayed spell engineers figured out ways to dissipate the excess heat.
You demand to perform strength calculations to determine whether the blueprint alternative
volition live able to back upwardly the specified mechanical loads. As a mechanical scheme is
subjected to applied loads, it volition deform or deflect.
Many products incorporate several subsystems and, quite often, the evaluation is done on
each of the subsystems rather than the consummate production itself.
The Decision Process
After analyzing your choice solutions, yous demand to create upwardly one's hear together with document which
blueprint solution is the best. You volition refine together with develop the best solution inward to a greater extent than detail
during the afterward stages of the blueprint process. At this stage, to evaluate each solution
objectively against the stated blueprint criteria or requirements, yous demand a quantitative
footing for judging together with evaluating each blueprint alternative. One widely used method to
formalize the decision-making physical care for is the conclusion matrix. The conclusion matrix is a
mathematical tool yous tin usage to derive a number that specifies together with justifies the best
decision.
The starting fourth dimension stair inward creating a conclusion matrix is for the blueprint squad to rank, inward monastic tell of
importance, the desirable attributes or criteria for the blueprint solution. These attributes can
include factors such every bit safety, manufacturing considerations, the ease of fabrication and
assembly, cost, portability, compliance alongside authorities regulations, etc. You together with so assign
to each attribute or criteria a value factor related to the relative importance of that
attribute. For example, suppose yous create upwardly one's hear that security is twice every bit of import to the success
of your blueprint every bit cost. You would assign a value factor of twenty for security together with a value factor
of 10 for cost. You assign value factors on a footing of 0 to 100, representing relative
importance of each criterion to the decision.
Next yous evaluate each blueprint choice against the stated criteria. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 rating factor is
assigned to each solution, based on how good that solution satisfies the given criterion.
The rating factor is on a scale of 0 to 10, alongside 10 representing a solution that satisfies the
given criterion the best. To brand an accurate evaluation, yous demand every bit much information
every bit possible. Unfortunately, engineers seldom receive got plenty information to brand a
"perfect" evaluation. If yous receive got done the analysis stage of the blueprint physical care for properly,
those results tin supply a footing for evaluation. Computer models together with prototypes tin also
yield valuable information to assist inward the conclusion phase. In most cases yous must use
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed xviii Khandani
engineering scientific discipline judgment, together with the conclusion is subjective. The next instance illustrates
the usage of a conclusion matrix inward deciding the best choice blueprint for a tin crusher.
Example: Aluminum Can Crusher
Students are beingness asked to blueprint a unproblematic device to rhythm out aluminum cans. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 student
blueprint squad proposes 4 solutions to the problem. They develop vi criteria that are
of import to a successful design. The pupil squad agrees that the most of import criteria
(or desirable attributes) of the blueprint together with assigned weights are
· Safety: xxx per centum (30 points)
· Ease of use: twenty per centum (20 points)
· Portability: twenty per centum (20 points)
· Durability together with strength:10 per centum (10 points)
· Use of touchstone parts:10 per centum (10 points)
· Cost:10 per centum (10 points)
This squad also proposes 4 choice solutions to this problem, which are illustrated in
the next Figure. They are
1. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 spring-loaded crusher
2. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 foot-operated device
3. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 gravity-powered dead weight crusher
4. An arm-powered lever arm crusher
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed nineteen Khandani
After analyzing each solution against the vi criteria, the squad evaluates each design
alternative. After assigning a rating factor to each blueprint choice for each of the
specified criteria, the squad multiplies the rating factor past times the value factor. The production of
the value together with rating factors is together with so summed downwardly the column for each blueprint alternative.
The total amount at the bottom of each column determines the best blueprint alternative. The
results of this conclusion matrix are illustrated inward the next Table.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed twenty Khandani
Although rating each blueprint against the vi stated criteria is subjective, the rating factor
for each blueprint choice is assigned according to the consensus of the blueprint team. The
results of an analysis are used to evaluate together with charge per unit of measurement each design. The rating factor R is
assigned according to the next scale:
· Excellent 9-10
· Good 7-8
· Fair 5-6
· Poor 3-4
· Unsatisfactory 0-2
Design 4 was chosen the best blueprint largely due to the rating assigned for safety,
criterion l. The squad felt that the chances of human injury were negligible for this design.
Since security is the most of import factor (30% of the total weight), the high security rating
for blueprint 4 gives it the highest overall score (9 x 30, or 270).
5. TEST AND IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION
The terminal stage of the blueprint physical care for is implementation, which refers to the testing,
construction, together with manufacturing of the solution to the blueprint problem. You must consider
several methods of implementation, such every bit prototyping together with concurrent engineering, as
good every bit distinct activities that occur during implementation, such every bit documenting the
blueprint solution together with applying for patents.
Prototyping. The starting fourth dimension stage of testing together with implementation of a novel product, called
prototyping, consists of edifice a epitome of the product-the starting fourth dimension fully operational
production of the consummate blueprint solution. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 epitome is non fully tested together with may not
piece of work or operate every bit intended. The purpose of the epitome is to show the blueprint solution
nether existent conditions. For example, a novel aircraft blueprint would starting fourth dimension live tested every bit a scale
model inward a current of air tunnel. Wind tunnel tests would generate information to live used in
constructing a full-size epitome of the aircraft. Test pilots together with so wing the prototype
extensively nether existent conditions. Only after testing nether all expected together with unusual
operating atmospheric condition are the prototypes brought into total production.
Concurrent Engineering. Traditional blueprint practices are primarily series or sequential:
Each stair inward the physical care for is completed inward monastic tell or sequence solely after the previous steps
receive got been completed. The implementation of the blueprint occurs after a epitome or model
is created from engineering scientific discipline drawings. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 machinist working from the engineering
drawings generated past times a drafter, or an engineer, makes the prototype. Only after creating
a epitome of the blueprint would the engineer uncovering that a hole was also small, parts
didn't mate properly, or a handgrip was misplaced. The part would receive got to live redesigned
together with the physical care for completed until a satisfactory solution was reached.
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 21 Khandani
In the competitive manufacturing climate of the 1990s, the series exercise of design
proved inadequate. In a affair of months, a manufacturer may uncovering that factors such as
markets, stuff prices together with technology, together with authorities regulations together with taxation laws may
receive got changed. This competitive surround required a fellowship to blueprint high-quality
products faster, better, together with less expensively than their competitors. One solution to the
traditional blueprint paradigm was concurrent engineering.
Concurrent engineering scientific discipline is the powerfulness to implement parallel blueprint together with analysis inward which
safety, manufacturability, serviceability, marketability, together with compliance issues are
considered early together with during the process. Concurrent engineering scientific discipline is nevertheless possible
through the application of modern computer-aided blueprint (CAD), analysis, and
manufacturing software. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 designer starts alongside an thought of a novel production inward which the
to a higher house factors are considered together with uses the CAD software to create a preliminary design.
With the appropriate software, the preliminary blueprint tin also live analyzed for
functionality every bit the blueprint is beingness created. Using the results of this analysis, the designer
together with so makes whatsoever necessary modifications together with reanalyzes the reckoner model. An engineer
designing a bike frame, for example, would usage concurrent engineering scientific discipline to minimize
the weight together with maximize the supported loads inward a novel frame design. The engineer would
starting fourth dimension create a blueprint together with model the physical demeanour of the frame on the reckoner before
really manufacturing the frame.
The side past times side stage inward concurrent engineering scientific discipline is called rapid prototyping or sometimes called
"art to part." Here the three-dimensional reckoner model of the finished blueprint is used
alongside computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software to drive appropriate mechanism to
physically create the part. The entire blueprint cycle thus becomes nearly paperless.
Engineers tin perish from blueprint to epitome inward a affair of days, instead of weeks or
months every bit alongside before series blueprint practices. Since blueprint is an iterative process,
concurrent engineering scientific discipline significantly shortens the fourth dimension betwixt iterations. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 production can
thus acquire to marketplace seat much quicker, at a lower cost, together with alongside a higher quality.
Documentation. One of the most of import activities inward blueprint is documenting your work,
clearly communicating the solution to your blueprint occupation so someone else can
empathise what yous receive got created. Usually this consists of a blueprint or technical report.
Communicating the solution to a blueprint occupation through language, both written together with oral,
is a vital part of the implementation phase. Many people yous volition live communicating with
do non receive got technical preparation together with competence. They may live the full general public,
authorities officials, or concern leaders. Successful engineers must possess to a greater extent than than
merely technical skills. The powerfulness to communicate together with sell a blueprint solution to others is
also a critical skill.
You tin usage graphs, charts, together with other visual materials to summarize the solution process
together with nowadays your piece of work to others. Multimedia techniques, including Power Point
presentations, slides, sounds, videos, together with computer-generated animations, are oft used
to clearly communicate the solution to a blueprint problem.
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Applying for Patents. If yous develop an master copy together with novel solution to a blueprint problem,
part of the implementation stage may include applying for a patent on your solution. A
patent volition non protect yous from someone else copying your solution, but it does give you
specific rights to brand together with sell your blueprint for a specified period. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 patent is an
understanding made betwixt you-the designer or inventor-and the US government.
Through a patent document yous concur to brand world all the details together with engineering of
your invention. You concur to supply an conception disclosure, which provides enough
details to allow anyone to build a working model of your invention. Most large libraries
forthwith receive got files of issued patents, which are available for anyone to see. These tin live a
goodness source of ideas for engineering scientific discipline blueprint solutions. In render for making your
conception or blueprint solution public, the US Patent Office grants yous the exclusive right
to your conception for a specified menses of time.
Pursuing a patent is non a trivial physical care for together with may take a long time, costing hundreds or
fifty-fifty thousands of dollars. Before considering a patent yous should receive got a general
understanding of patent requirements together with what tin live patented. Ideas past times themselves
cannot live patented. To obtain a patent, yous must show that your thought tin live applied to
make a "new together with useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or
whatsoever novel together with useful improvement thereof." These categories include merely nigh everything
made past times people together with the processes for making them.
Most engineering scientific discipline blueprint problems autumn into the patentable categories of utility patents or
blueprint patents. All mechanical together with electrical devices autumn into the category of utility
patent, which is granted for twenty years. At the terminate of the patent period, your protection
expires, together with anyone tin copy, manufacture, together with sell your conception without giving you
credit or payment. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint patent is granted to protect the styling or ornamental features
of a design. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 blueprint patent is solely granted for the appearance of an item, non for how it
plant or is made. For example, if yous invent a telephone that looks similar a shoe, you
mightiness apply for a blueprint patent. The blueprint patent would live granted on the appearance of
the phone, non on the electronic together with mechanical workings of the phone. Design patents
are granted for 3-1/2, 7, or fourteen years, depending on the patent fee paid. The fees range
from $200 to $600.
Patents are solely granted to the inventor of a device. However, the inventor tin assign the
rights to the patent to some other party. If yous develop an conception spell working every bit an
engineer for a company, yous volition in all probability live required to assign the patent rights to that
conception to your employer.
Once a patent is granted, in that location is no guarantee that someone else volition non attempt to re-create the
invention. The US Patent Office does non enforce patent rights. It is the responsibleness of
the patent holder or a patent attorney to constabulary the patent together with brand sure as shooting no ane else
copies it spell it is inward effect. Since a patent makes all information nigh your design
public, some people take non to pursue a patent, but rather maintain the details of the
conception secret. If no ane else learns how the conception works, yous volition receive got protection
until some other inventor figures it out. For example, the formulas for Coca-Cola together with Silly
IISME/Solectron/2005 Seyyed 23 Khandani
Putty receive got never been patented, together with the secrets are solely known to selected company
officials.
To apply for a patent, yous demand to ready together with include the next items:
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 written document clearly describing your conception together with stating that yous are the
master copy inventor. Enough information must live provided so that someone else can
brand your conception from the information yous provide. You must also make
claims nigh your conception which clitoris the features which distinguish it from
already patentable material.
Engineering drawings that follow the format documented inward Guide for Patent
Draftsmen, which is available from the US Patent Office.
The filing fee. This is a basic fee of at to the lowest degree $ 150 that must accompany the patent
application. If the patent is granted, yous volition live charged an additional patent issue
fee. The total charges for obtaining a patent tin live hundreds of dollars.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 patent is granted solely after an extensive review physical care for of the US Patent Office. The
business office volition starting fourth dimension search the nearly 5 1000000 existing patents to determine whether your
blueprint has been previously patented or infringes on an existing patent. This physical care for can
take several years together with live real expensive. Many inventors employ patent attorneys or
agents to conduct a preliminary patent search. Most large libraries receive got records of all the
patents filed alongside the US Patent Office. This information is also available on a CDROM
database at many libraries. You tin facial expression at this database together with read the patent
applications filed nether the same production category every bit yours. This volition give yous a good
thought on how an application is written together with mightiness assist yous improve your ain design.
Before spending to a greater extent than fourth dimension together with coin pursuing a patent, it is a goodness thought to uncovering out if
someone else has already patented your invention.
Testing together with Verification. Testing together with verification are of import parts of the design
process. At all steps inward the process, yous may uncovering that your potential solution is flawed
together with receive got to dorsum upwardly to a previous stair to acquire a workable solution. Without proper testing
at all stages inward the process, yous may uncovering yourself making costly mistakes later.
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REFERENCE
1. Ertas, A., Jones, J. C., The Engineering Design Process, John Wiley together with Sons, New
York, 1996.
2. Lumsdaine, E., Lumsdaine, M., Shelnutt, J. W., Creative Problem Solving and
Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1999.
3. Sanders, M. S., McCormick, E. J., Human Factors inward Engineering together with Design,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1993.
4. Dym, C. L., Little, P., Engineering Design: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Project-Based Introduction, John
Wiley, New York, 1999.
5. Hyman, B., Fundamental of Engineering Design, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1998.