Systems thinking
Systems thinking is the procedure of agreement how things, regarded every bit systems, influence ane some other within a whole. In nature, systems thinking examples include ecosystems inward which diverse elements such every bit air, water, plants, too animals piece of work together to hold upwards or perish. In organizations, systems consist of people, structures, too processes that piece of work together to brand an scheme "healthy" or "unhealthy".
Systems thinking has been defined every bit an approach to employment solving, past times viewing "problems" every bit parts of an overall system, rather than reacting to specific part, outcomes or events too potentially contributing to farther evolution of unintended consequences. Systems thinking is non ane affair but a laid of habits or practice, within a framework that is based on the belief that the constituent parts of a scheme tin best live understood inward the context of relationships amongst each other too amongst other systems, rather than inward isolation. Systems thinking focuses on cyclical rather than linear crusade too effect.
In scientific discipline systems, it is argued that the solely means to fully empathize why a employment or chemical element occurs too persists is to empathize the parts inward relation to the whole. Systems thinking concerns an agreement of a scheme past times examining the linkages too interactions betwixt the elements that compose the entirety of the system.
Science systems thinking attempts to illustrate that events are separated past times distance too fourth dimension too that minor catalytic events tin crusade large changes inward complex systems. Acknowledging that an improvement inward ane expanse of a scheme tin adversely impact some other expanse of the system, it promotes organizational communication at all levels inward lodge to avoid the silo effect. Systems thinking techniques may live used to report whatever sort of scheme — natural, scientific, engineered, human, or conceptual.
The concept of a system
The several ways to think of too define a scheme include:
- A scheme is composed of parts.
- All the parts of a scheme must live related (directly or indirectly), else at that topographic point are actually 2 or to a greater extent than distinct systems
- A scheme is encapsulated, has a boundary.
- The boundary of a scheme is a conclusion made past times an observer, or a grouping of observers.
- A scheme tin live nested within some other system.
- A scheme tin overlap amongst some other system.
- A scheme is bounded inward time.
- A scheme is bounded inward space, though the parts are non necessarily co-located.
- A scheme receives input from, too sends output into, the wider environment.
- A scheme consists of processes that transform inputs into outputs.
Science systems thinkers consider that:
- a scheme is a dynamic too complex whole, interacting every bit a structured functional unit;
- energy, cloth too information time period amid the dissimilar elements that compose the system;
- a scheme is a community situated within an environment;
- energy, cloth too information time period from too to the surrounding surround via semi-permeable membranes or boundaries;
- systems are often composed of entities seeking equilibrium but tin exhibit oscillating, chaotic, or exponential behavior.
A holistic scheme is whatever laid (group) of interdependent or temporally interacting parts. Parts are to a greater extent than often than non systems themselves too are composed of other parts, only every bit systems are to a greater extent than often than non parts or holons of other systems.
What is systems thinking?
Systems thinking is the procedure of agreement how a grouping of interacting, interrelated, interdependent components influence each other within the whole. Rather than viewing each employment every bit an independent entity, it must live considered inward the context of its human relationship to other parts of the system. Systems thinking teaches how to solve problems, communicate, usage data, too blueprint policies for greater success.
Systems optimization approach is skillful inward industry, piece procedure approach is employed inward technology scientific discipline education. There is a large gap betwixt cognition of private procedure too the integration of these processes inward an technology scientific discipline enterprise.
Sugar Industry
System thinking every bit applied to saccharide industry.
Before agreement dynamic/behavioural complexity of the saccharide industry for a consummate scheme thinking, it is real much essential to know the private processes involved inward saccharide production.
Complete procedure time period diagram of saccharide manufacture is every bit shown inward the block diagram inward figure 1.0
Figure1.0 : Complete procedure time period diagram of all processes inward a saccharide industry.
Figure 2: Process time period diagram of saccharide production inward a saccharide plant.
Harvesting
Sugar cane is harvested past times chopping downwards the stems but leaving the roots so that it re-grows inward fourth dimension for the side past times side crop. The cane is taken to the factory: often past times truck or track railroad vehicle but sometimes on a bullock cart.
Sugar cane is harvested past times chopping downwards the stems but leaving the roots so that it re-grows inward fourth dimension for the side past times side crop. The cane is taken to the factory: often past times truck or track railroad vehicle but sometimes on a bullock cart.
Sugarcane contains well-nigh 70% inward weight of juice, inward which sucrose and other substances are held inward solution, too 30% inward weight of bagasse.
Important points to recall during crushing are:
Important points to recall during crushing are:
(1) Sugarcane sticks must live crushed within 24 hours of beingness harvested. After this fourth dimension sucrose begins to 'invert' into dissimilar sort of sugars that volition non live crystallized well.
(2) Crushing efficiency is the most of import factor to maximizing saccharide (sucrose) yields.
Extraction:
The showtime phase of processing is the extraction of the cane juice. In many factories the cane is crushed inward a serial of large roller mills: similar to a mangle [wringer] which is used to squeeze the H2O out of construct clean washing.
The showtime phase of processing is the extraction of the cane juice. In many factories the cane is crushed inward a serial of large roller mills: similar to a mangle [wringer] which is used to squeeze the H2O out of construct clean washing.
Every possible amount of juice needs to live squeezed from the sugarcane sticks - inward lodge also to have got bagasses that are slow to dry.
The dried crushed sugarcane relaxation (bagasse) is often used every bit fuel for the boiling procedure but it tin also live used every bit raw cloth to produce tar-saturated cardboard roofing. The remaining liquid is allowed to laid into a solid volume known every bit jiggery. This tin live farther dried to create muscovado /brown sugar.
The dried crushed sugarcane relaxation (bagasse) is often used every bit fuel for the boiling procedure but it tin also live used every bit raw cloth to produce tar-saturated cardboard roofing. The remaining liquid is allowed to laid into a solid volume known every bit jiggery. This tin live farther dried to create muscovado /brown sugar.
The sweetness juice comes gushing out too the cane fibre is carried away for usage inward the boilers afterward crushing. In other factories a diffuser is used every bit is described for beet saccharide manufacture. Either means the juice is pretty dirty: the soil from the fields, some minor fibres too the dark-green extracts from the flora are all mixed inward amongst the sugarcane juice.
The juice is collected, filtered too sometimes treated (with natural additives such every bit lime, woods ashes too or chemicals stabilizers such every bit sulfur dioxides or sodium hydrogen sulphates - to settle impurities too "clarify"/ lighten the liquid color) too and so boiled to evaporate excess water.
Evaporation
The manufacturing flora tin construct clean upwards the juice quite easily amongst slaked lime (a relative of chalk) which settles out a lot of the dirt so that it tin live sent dorsum to the fields. Once this is done, the juice is thickened upwards into a syrup past times boiling off the H2O using steam inward a procedure called evaporation. Sometimes the syrup is cleaned upwards in ane lawsuit again but to a greater extent than often it only goes on to the crystal-making measuring without whatever to a greater extent than cleaning. The evaporation is undertaken inward lodge to improve the unloose energy efficiency of the factory.
The manufacturing flora tin construct clean upwards the juice quite easily amongst slaked lime (a relative of chalk) which settles out a lot of the dirt so that it tin live sent dorsum to the fields. Once this is done, the juice is thickened upwards into a syrup past times boiling off the H2O using steam inward a procedure called evaporation. Sometimes the syrup is cleaned upwards in ane lawsuit again but to a greater extent than often it only goes on to the crystal-making measuring without whatever to a greater extent than cleaning. The evaporation is undertaken inward lodge to improve the unloose energy efficiency of the factory.
Boiling
The syrup is placed into a real large pan for boiling, the finally stage.
In the pan fifty-fifty to a greater extent than H2O is boiled off until weather condition are correct for saccharide crystals to grow.
The syrup is placed into a real large pan for boiling, the finally stage.
In the pan fifty-fifty to a greater extent than H2O is boiled off until weather condition are correct for saccharide crystals to grow.
This is a critical procedure that determines terminal product's yields. Small-scale producers inward Asian countries perform it inward large pans over opened upwards fires or unproblematic furnaces. It is essential to usage construct clean pans too tools, for in ane lawsuit the juice has been heated, impurities would speed the sugar-inversion process, too Pb to reduced yield of sucrose/ sugar. Therefore, the boiling pans too tools should live thoroughly cleaned betwixt uses.
Sediment settles to the bottom of the pan during boiling too is dredged out. Scum rises to the overstep too is skimmed off. (These wastes tin live used to feed cattle). The goal indicate of the boiling procedure corresponds to a Brix (sugar content) of 90-95%.
In the manufacturing flora the workers throw inward some saccharide dust to initiate crystal formation. Once the crystals have got grown the resulting mixture of crystals too woman bring upwards liquor is spun inward centrifuges to split the two, rather similar washing is spin dried. The crystals are too so given a terminal dry out amongst hot air earlier beingness packed and/or stored ready for despatch.
Storage
The terminal raw saccharide forms a gluey dark-brown mount inward the shop too looks rather similar the soft dark-brown saccharide establish inward domestic kitchens. It could live used similar that but commonly it gets muddied inward storage too has a distinctive gustation which most people don't want. That is why it is refined when it gets to the solid soil where it volition live used. Additionally, because ane cannot larn all the saccharide out of the juice, at that topographic point is a sweetness by-product made: molasses. This is commonly turned into a cattle nutrient or is sent to a distillery where alcohol is made.
The terminal raw saccharide forms a gluey dark-brown mount inward the shop too looks rather similar the soft dark-brown saccharide establish inward domestic kitchens. It could live used similar that but commonly it gets muddied inward storage too has a distinctive gustation which most people don't want. That is why it is refined when it gets to the solid soil where it volition live used. Additionally, because ane cannot larn all the saccharide out of the juice, at that topographic point is a sweetness by-product made: molasses. This is commonly turned into a cattle nutrient or is sent to a distillery where alcohol is made.
Power
So what happened to all that fibre from crushing the saccharide cane? It is called "bagasse" inward the industry. The manufacturing flora needs electricity too steam to run, both of which are generated using this fibre.
So what happened to all that fibre from crushing the saccharide cane? It is called "bagasse" inward the industry. The manufacturing flora needs electricity too steam to run, both of which are generated using this fibre.
The bagasse is burnt inward large furnaces where a lot of estrus is given out which tin live used inward plough to boil H2O too brand high pressure level steam. The steam is too so used to drive a turbine inward lodge to brand electricity too create depression pressure level steam for the saccharide making process. This is the same procedure that makes most of our electricity but at that topographic point are several of import differences.
When a large mightiness station produces electricity it burns a fossil fuel [once used, a fuel that cannot live replaced] which contaminates the atmosphere too the station has to refuse to atmosphere a lot of depression degree heat. All this contributes to global warming. In the cane saccharide manufacturing flora the bagasse fuel is renewable too the gases it produces, essentially CO2, are to a greater extent than than used upwards past times the novel cane growing. Added to that the manufacturing flora uses of depression degree estrus [in a scheme called co-generation] too ane tin consider that a good run cane saccharide manufacturing flora is environmentally friendly.
Refinement of sugar
Affination
The showtime phase of processing the raw saccharide is to soften too and so take the layer of woman bring upwards liquor surrounding the crystals amongst a procedure called "affination". The raw saccharide is mixed amongst a warm, concentrated syrup of slightly higher purity than the syrup layer so that it volition non dissolve the crystals. The resulting magma is centrifuged to split the crystals from the syrup thus removing the greater component division of the impurities from the input saccharide too leaving the crystals ready for dissolving earlier farther treatment.
The showtime phase of processing the raw saccharide is to soften too and so take the layer of woman bring upwards liquor surrounding the crystals amongst a procedure called "affination". The raw saccharide is mixed amongst a warm, concentrated syrup of slightly higher purity than the syrup layer so that it volition non dissolve the crystals. The resulting magma is centrifuged to split the crystals from the syrup thus removing the greater component division of the impurities from the input saccharide too leaving the crystals ready for dissolving earlier farther treatment.
The liquor which results from dissolving the washed crystals however contains some colour, fine particles, gums too resins too other non-sugars.
Carbonatation
The showtime phase of processing the liquor is aimed at removing the solids which brand the liquor turbid. Coincidentally some of the color is removed too. One of the 2 mutual processing techniques is known every bit carbonatation where minor clumps of chalk are grown inward the juice. The clumps, every bit they form, collect a lot of the non-sugars so that past times filtering out the chalk ane also takes out the non-sugars. Once this is done, the saccharide liquor is at nowadays ready for decolourisation. The other technique, phosphatation, is chemically similar but uses phosphate rather than carbonate formation.
The showtime phase of processing the liquor is aimed at removing the solids which brand the liquor turbid. Coincidentally some of the color is removed too. One of the 2 mutual processing techniques is known every bit carbonatation where minor clumps of chalk are grown inward the juice. The clumps, every bit they form, collect a lot of the non-sugars so that past times filtering out the chalk ane also takes out the non-sugars. Once this is done, the saccharide liquor is at nowadays ready for decolourisation. The other technique, phosphatation, is chemically similar but uses phosphate rather than carbonate formation.
Decolourisation
There are also 2 mutual methods of color removal inward refineries, both relying on absorption techniques amongst the liquor beingness pumped through columns of medium. One pick opened upwards to the refiner is to usage granular activated carbon [GAC] which removes most color but niggling else. The carbon is regenerated inward a hot kiln where the color is burnt off from the carbon. The other pick is to usage an ion substitution resin which removes less color than GAC but also removes some of the inorganics present. The resin is regenerated chemically which gives rising to large quantities of unpleasant liquid effluents.
There are also 2 mutual methods of color removal inward refineries, both relying on absorption techniques amongst the liquor beingness pumped through columns of medium. One pick opened upwards to the refiner is to usage granular activated carbon [GAC] which removes most color but niggling else. The carbon is regenerated inward a hot kiln where the color is burnt off from the carbon. The other pick is to usage an ion substitution resin which removes less color than GAC but also removes some of the inorganics present. The resin is regenerated chemically which gives rising to large quantities of unpleasant liquid effluents.
The clear, lightly coloured liquor is at nowadays ready for crystallisation except that it is a niggling besides dilute for optimum unloose energy consumption inward the refinery. It is thence evaporated prior to going to the crystallisation pan.
Recovery
The liquor left over from the grooming of white saccharide too the washings from the affination phase both incorporate saccharide which it is economical to recover. They are thence sent to the recovery solid which operates rather similar a raw saccharide factory, aiming to brand a saccharide amongst a character comparable to the washed raws afterward the affination stage. As amongst the other saccharide processes, ane cannot larn all of the saccharide out of the liquor too thence at that topographic point is a sweetness by-product made: refiners' molasses. This is commonly turned into a cattle nutrient or is sent to a distillery where alcohol is made.
The liquor left over from the grooming of white saccharide too the washings from the affination phase both incorporate saccharide which it is economical to recover. They are thence sent to the recovery solid which operates rather similar a raw saccharide factory, aiming to brand a saccharide amongst a character comparable to the washed raws afterward the affination stage. As amongst the other saccharide processes, ane cannot larn all of the saccharide out of the liquor too thence at that topographic point is a sweetness by-product made: refiners' molasses. This is commonly turned into a cattle nutrient or is sent to a distillery where alcohol is made.
Ethanol Production:
It is expected that 5% bio-ethanol volition live blended amongst petrol sold inward all U.S. of A. too UTs of the country.
The EBP Programme is shortly beingness implemented inward a total of thirteen States amongst blending bird of well-nigh 2% against a mandatory target of 5%.
A stable EBP programme would ensure sustainable benefits for the sugarcane farmers across the nation. It volition ensure an choice marketplace for the farmers who oftentimes larn adversely affected inward illustration of bumper crop of sugarcane too lack of its demand inward the market. It volition also provide an incentive to minor too medium farmers to increment efforts towards sugarcane crop every bit improve returns would live ensured.
Procurement of ethanol at a cost determined past times the marketplace volition ensure stability. EBP programme non solely provides opportunities to sugarcane farmers, but it also ensures the usage of ethanol every bit bio-fuel inward a large means which is surround friendly. Besides, to the extent of implementation, this reduces the dependence on imported unsmooth too leads the land ahead on fuel self-sufficiency.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the number of pricing for bio-ethanol procurement past times Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Program every bit per following:
i. The 5% mandatory ethanol blending amongst petrol every bit already decided past times the CCEA inward the past, should live implemented across the country, for which the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas volition at nowadays number a gazette notification, for the OMCs to implement from the 2012-13 saccharide season, effective from 1st December, 2012.
ii. Procurement cost of ethanol volition live decided henceforth betwixt OMCs too suppliers of ethanol.
iii. In illustration of whatever shortfall inward domestic supply, the OMCs too Chemical companies are gratuitous to import ethanol.
Cogeneration:
Co-generation is the concept of producing 2 forms of unloose energy from ane fuel. One of the forms of unloose energy must e'er live estrus too the other may live electricity or mechanical energy. In a conventional mightiness plant, fuel is burnt inward a boiler to generate high-pressure steam. This steam is used to drive a turbine, which inward plough drives an alternator through a steam turbine to create electrical power. The exhaust steam is to a greater extent than often than non condensed to H2O which goes dorsum to the boiler.
As the low-pressure steam has a large quantum of estrus which is lost inward the procedure of condensing, the efficiency of conventional mightiness plants is solely around 35%. In a cogeneration plant, real high efficiency levels, inward the gain of 75%–90%, tin live reached. This is so, because the low-pressure exhaust steam coming out of the turbine is non condensed, but used for heating purposes inward factories or houses.
Since co-generation tin come across both mightiness too estrus needs, it has other advantages every bit good inward the shape of meaning cost savings for the flora too reduction inward emissions of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption.
Even at conservative estimates, the potential of mightiness generation from co-generation inward Republic of Republic of India is to a greater extent than than 20,000 MW. Since Republic of Republic of India is the largest producer of saccharide inward the world, bagasse-based cogeneration is beingness promoted. The potential for cogeneration thus lies inward facilities amongst articulation requirement of estrus too electricity, primarily saccharide too rice mills, distilleries, petrochemical sector too industries such every bit fertilizers, steel, chemical, cement, pulp too paper, too aluminum.
The Benefits of Cogeneration
Provided the cogeneration is optimized inward the means described inward a higher house (i.e. sized according to the estrus demand), the next benefits tin live obtained:
1. Increased efficiency of unloose energy conversion too use
2. Lower emissions to the environment, inward detail of CO2, the principal greenhouse gas
3. In some cases, biomass fuels too some waste matter materials such every bit refinery gases, procedure or agricultural waste matter (either anaerobically digested or gasified), are used. These substances which serve every bit fuels for cogeneration schemes, increases the cost-effectiveness too reduces the demand for waste matter disposal.
4. Large cost savings, providing additional competitiveness for industrial too commercial users piece offering affordable estrus for domestic users also
5. An chance to movement towards to a greater extent than decentralized forms of electricity generation, where plants are designed to come across the needs of local consumers, providing high efficiency, avoiding transmission losses too increasing flexibility inward scheme use. This volition peculiarly live the illustration if natural gas is the unloose energy carrier
6. An chance to increment the variety of generation plant, too provide contest inward generation. Cogeneration provides ane of the most of import vehicles for promoting liberalization inward unloose energy markets.
Process time period diagram of a saccharide flora every bit a consummate scheme inward shown inward figure 3.0. System thinking enables us to consider the entire scheme every bit a unit of measurement to take keep the issues of saccharide production along with
(i) Efficient management of quick deliver of harvested sugarcane for crushing,
(ii) Use of excess bagasse for mightiness genreation inward a cogenration plant.
The conclusion making regarding the capacity of the cogenration flora is dependent on the avialiblity of surplus bagasse.
(iii) Refining of the dark-brown saccharide to white saccharide based on the client demand too marketplace requirement.
(iv) Efficient converison of molasses to produce fuel ethanol to blend amongst gasoline.
Reference:
1. Thinking inward Systems past times Donella H. Meadows, v.13, Sustainabilty Institute.
2. Systems Thinking: The 5th dependent of Learning Organizations past times Marty Jacobs, March 19, 2008, Systems inward Sync.
3. Leadership too Systems Thnking past times Col. George E. Reed, Defense AT&L: May-June 2006, USA.
4. http://www.sugarindustry.com/sugarprocess.htm
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_refinery
6.
Sumber http://d-division-eme.blogspot.com/